• Title/Summary/Keyword: 알칼로이드

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Proteomic Approach at the Seed Dormancy Breaking of Aconitum Austrokoreense (세뿔투구꽃(Aconitum Austrokoreense) 종자 휴면타파의 단백질 변화 분석)

  • Hayan Lee;Hayan Lee;Se-kyu Song;Jinki Kim;Chihyeon Song;Cheol Hee Lee
    • Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2023.04a
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    • pp.10-10
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    • 2023
  • 투구꽃속(Aconitum L.)은 미나리아재비과(Ranunculaceae)의 가장 큰 속(Genus) 중 하나로 300-400 여종(Species)이 북반구 온대지역에 분포한다(Tamura, 1993). 둥근 투구모양의 꽃받침이 특징적이며, aconitine과 같은 알칼로이드 성분을 함유하고 있어 전통적으로 약용소재로서 활용되었다(Khorana, 1968). 세뿔투구꽃(Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz.)은 한국 경상도, 전라남도에만 국지적으로 자라는 한국 특산식물이자, IUCN에서 CR(Critical Endangered) 등급으로 지정된 희귀식물이다. 이 종은 다년생이지만, 서식지에서 개체수가 적거나 유묘의 발견이 어려운 등 자생지 축소 및 절멸의 우려가 높다. 세뿔투구꽃을 보호하고 종을 보존하기 위해서는 종자 발아 · 휴면에 대한 지속적 연구와 종자번식법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 세뿔투구꽃의 종자의 휴면유형을 분석하고 호르몬에 의해 휴면타파를 유도하였으며, 특히 발아 2단계에서 일어나는 생리적 변화를 단백질체학적 관점에서 분석하였다. 세뿔투구꽃 종자는 미발달된 배를 가지고 있으며, 충분한 수분과 온도의 조건에서도 발아가 관찰되지 않아 형태 · 생리적 휴면으로 판단되었다. 종자는 BAP 처리에서 휴면이 타파되는 것을 확인하였으며, 특히 BAP 농도에 따른 발아율은 통계적으로 유의한 값을 가졌다 (F=23.208, P<0.01). 건조된 종자에 비해 BAP 처리된 종자는 발아 2단계에서 몇가지 단백질의 증가가 관찰되었다. 대부분의 종자는 30S ribosomal protein subunit으로, 휴면상태에서 발아상태로 변환이 일루어지는 생리적 변화의 증거로 확인된다. 특히 발아2단계를 지나는 세뿔투구꽃 종자에서는 cytochrome subunit과 photosystem II protein의 급격한 증가가 관찰되었는데, 이는 배아의 발달 결과인 자엽이 발아 즉시 광합성이 가능하도록 준비하는 과정에서 발현 된 것으로 추정한다. 본 연구는 발아2단계에서 휴면타파에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 요인을 발견하지 못하였으나, 휴면타파에 중요한 단계인 발아 2단계 종자의 생리학적 변화를 이해하기 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.

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Evaluation of Caffeine Contents in Major Flower and Leaf Teas (주요 꽃차 및 잎차의 카페인 함량 평가)

  • Kanphassorn Wimonmuang;Young-Sang Lee;Seung-Young OH;Suk-Keun Park
    • Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2020.08a
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    • pp.104-104
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    • 2020
  • 꼭두서니과 커피속 식물의주요 2차대사산물인 카페인은 커피나무, 카카오, 차나무 등에서 관찰되는 알칼로이드 화합물로 다른 식물의 발아 억제, 살충 기능이 알려져 있다. 인체에 있어 카페인은 각성효과가 있어 수면 장애나 불안을 유발할 수 있으며 섭취를 중단 시 졸음, 두통 등 금단 증상을 나타나기도 한다. 최근 다양한 식물 종과 부위를 이용한 차 문화가 확산되고 있는 바, 본 연구는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 커피 2종류과 녹차 2종류를 비롯하여 꽃차 37종류, 잎차 15종류, 씨앗차 2종류, 열매차 1종류 및 뿌리차 2종류를 대상으로 메탄올 추출 후 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry를 이용하여 카페인 함량에 대한 정성, 정량 분석을 수행하였다. 대조로 사용된 시판 커피 2개사 제품은 각각 1.18 mg/g, 35.94 mg/g의 caffeine 함량을 나타냈으며 시판 녹차 티백 제품 2종은 1.3 mg/g, 3.42 mg/g의 함량을 나타내었다. 조사된 37종의 꽃차 중에는 차나무 꽃차에서만 1.50 mg/g 수준의 caffeine이 검출되었을 뿐 국내 소비가 확대되고 있는 구절초, 국화, 금계국, 금목서, 금어초, 금잔화, 노랑코스모스, 당아욱, 도라지, 동백나무, 뚱딴지, 라벤다, 마리골드(노랑), 마리골드(주황), 매화, 맨드라미, 무궁화, 백목련, 벚나무, 복사나무, 비단향꽃무, 생강나무, 수레국화, 아까시나무, 연꽃, 유채, 작약, 장미, 진달래, 천일홍, 캐모마일, 패랭이꽃, 팬지, 해당화, 홍화, 히비스커스 등 36종에서는 카페인이 검출되지 않았다. 잎차의 경우 레몬그라스, 레몬밤, 로즈마리, 뽕나무, 세인트존스워트, 스테비아, 쑥, 애플민트, 연잎, 적양배추, 조릿대, 차수국, 티트리, 파인애플민트, 페퍼민트 등 평가된 15종류 모두에서 카페인이 검출되지 않았으며, 씨앗차인 펜넬 및 작두콩, 열매차인 진피차, 뿌리차인 자색당근과 비트차에서 역시 카페인이 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과에 기초할 때, 시판되는 다양한 식물 종과 부위를 이용한 차의 경우 대부분 caffeine을 함유하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

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Studies of vindoline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures using deuterium-labeled tabersonine (Catharanthus roseus 세포 배양액에 deuterium이 치환된 tabersonine을 사용한 vindoline 생합성 경로 연구)

  • Lee, Soo;Lee, Hyang-Yeol
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.71-80
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    • 2012
  • Vinca alkaloids produced from Catharanthus roseus are one of the most important natural product drugs in treatments of human cancers. These anticancer drugs are derived from coupling of the two monomeric indole alkaloids, catharanthine and vindoline. In order to investigate vindoline biosynthesis, tabersonine-$CD_3$ 1a is synthesized to use as a deuterium labeled precursor, which is distinguished clearly from the natural counterpart. We show that these deuterium labeled tabersonine 1a are successfully incorporated into the vindoline biosynthetic pathway to yield three deuterated vindoline intermediates. 16-Hydroxytabersonine-$CD_3$ (m/z 356) 2a, 16-Methoxytabersonine-$CD_3$ (m/z 370) 3a, 16-Methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine-$CD_3$ (m/z 388) 4a are produced from the cell suspension culture measured by UPLC/MS at 5 and 13 days after feeding tabersonine. The conversion rates from 1a to 2a and 2a to 3a are fast, whereas that from 3a to 4a is much slower. This indicates that the rate determining step among the first three vindoline biosynthesis is the last step. As a result of the slow conversion rate from 3a to 4a, the accumulation level of 16-Methoxytabersonine-$CD_3$ 3a is significantly increased up to 13 days. The accumulation ratio among 2a, 3a and 4a is 1, 2 and 0.1 at 5 days. However, the peaks of desacetoxyvindoline-$CD_3$ 5a, deacetylvindoline-$CD_3$ 6a and vindoline-$CD_3$ 7a are not found from the cell extracts even after 13 days of incubation which may indicate no presence of their corresponding enzymes.

An Experimental Study of Radioprotective Effect of Ginseng Alkaloid Fraction on Cellular Damage (방사선 세포 손상에 대한 인삼 Alkaloid 분획의 보호 효과에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Yoo, Seong-Yul;Cho, Chul-Koo;Kim, Mi-Sook;Yoo, Hyung-Jun;Kim, Seong-Ho;Kim, Tae-Hwan
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.195-205
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    • 1997
  • This paper is to assess the effect of Adaptagen as a radioprotector in which main component is alkaloid fraction of ginseng. Evaluation was made in vitro and in vivo study with NIGP(S) mouse by the measurement of regeneration of jejunal crypt cell and micronucleus assay to analyze radioprotective effect of ginseng alkaloid fraction in comparison with that of water fraction after whole body irradiation. The results were as follows, 1. The degree of radiation damage of mouse jejunal crypt cell was diminished in both of alkaloid and water fraction groups compared to control group but more in alkaloid fraction group than water fraction group. Regeneration of mouse jejunal crypt cell was higher both in alkaloid and water fraction groups than control group. 3. In vitro study, frequency of micronucleus was diminished in tendency for the treated groups than control group but statistically insignificant. 4. In vitro study, frequency of micronucleus was diminished in both alkaloid and water fraction groups compared to control group but more in alkaloid fraction group than water fraction group.

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Biosynthetic pathway of shikimate and aromatic amino acid and its metabolic engineering in plants (식물에서 shikimate 및 방향족 아미노산 생합성 경로와 이의 대사공학적 응용)

  • Lim, Sun-Hyung;Park, Sang Kyu;Ha, Sun-Hwa;Choi, Min Ji;Kim, Da-Hye;Lee, Jong-Yeol;Kim, Young-Mi
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.135-153
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    • 2015
  • The aromatic amino acids, which are composed of $\small{L}$-phenylalanine, $\small{L}$-tyrosine and $\small{L}$-tryptophan, are general components of protein synthesis as well as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites. These aromatic amino acids-derived compounds play important roles as ingredients of diverse phenolics including pigments and cell walls, and hormones like auxin and salicylic acid in plants. Moreover, they also serve as the natural products of alkaloids and glucosinolates, which have a high potential to promote human health and nutrition. The biosynthetic pathways of aromatic amino acids share a chorismate, the common intermediate, which is originated from shikimate pathway. Then, tryptophan is synthesized via anthranilate and the other phenylalanine and tyrosine are synthesized via prephenate, as intermediates. This review reports recent studies about all the enzymatic steps involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways and their gene regulation on transcriptional/post-transcriptional levels. Furthermore, results of metabolic engineering are introduced as efforts to improve the production of the aromatic amino acids-derived secondary metabolites in plants.

Optimization of the Extraction Process and Antioxidant Capacity of Coptis chinensis Franch Extract through Cluster Analysis (클러스터 분석을 이용한 황련 추출물 항산화 활성 최적화 추출공정)

  • Fu, Minmin;Xuan, Song Hua;Park, Soo Nam
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.604-612
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    • 2018
  • Coptis chinensis Franch is a valuable traditional oriental medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. The major factors affecting the content of bioactive compounds and the relationship between bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of Coptis chinensis Franch were poorly understood. Thus, effects of the solvent, temperature, and extraction time on the extraction yields of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of C. chinensis Franch extracts were investigated in this work. Our cluster analysis indicated that the hydroalcoholic solvent (50% ethanol : 50% water) at $35^{\circ}C$ for 30 min (extract time) was the best extraction condition for a factory use because the highest level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities was achieved. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that total phenolic content (TPC) contributed to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, while both total alkaloid content (TAC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were responsible for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity. These results indicated that extraction conditions controlled the yield of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of C. chinensis Franch, which can provide important information for the industrial extraction.

Antimicrobial and Immunological activities of Vinca minor Extracts (빈카 마이너 추출물의 항균 및 면역활성 연구)

  • Kim, Jun-Sub;Kang, Jo-Eun;Yu, Il-Hwan;Jung, Kyung-Hwan;Moon, Gi-Seong;Lee, Hyang-Yeol
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.108-115
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    • 2015
  • Vinca alkaloid compounds including vincamine from Vinca minor L. have been extracted by ethanol and hot water extraction methods. Antimicrobial properties of those extracts have been investigated against dandruff causing microorganism Malassezia furfur, yeast, Gram positive and negative bacteria. Vincamine standard and ethanol extract showed no sign of antimicrobial activity, whereas hot-water extract had the activity against M. furfur. Furthermore hot water extract had antimicrobial activity against Gram positive Bacillus sp. and Gram negative Escherichia coli. Cytotoxic properties of those extracts have also been investigated with HaCaT cell (human keratinocyte), HT-29 cell (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell) and Raw cell, showing no significant cytotoxic effects. We also measured the ROS using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), a popular fluorescence-based probe for reactive oxygen species detection. The result showed the increasement of reactive oxygen species formation (20%) in HaCaT and HT-29 cell lines.

Mechanistic Studies for Electrochemical Oxidation of ${\iota}$-Sparteine (${\iota}$-Sparteine의 전기화학적 산화반응에 대한 메카니즘의 연구)

  • Jin-Hyo Park;Chang-Soo Jin;Sung-Nak Choi;Yoon-Bo Shim
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.37 no.8
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    • pp.711-716
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    • 1993
  • The mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of natural alkaloid, ${\iota}$-sparteine (SP) was studied in acetonitrile solvent. The cyclic voltammogram of SP shows two irreversible anodic peaks at +0.75 V and +1.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1M AgNO$_2$ in acetonitrile) electrode. Coulometry reveals that the number of electrons involved in each oxidation peaks is in the range of 1.2∼1.3 respectively. Neutral imine radical was produced by fast deprotonation of SP radical cation formed by oxidation of one nitrogen atom in SP. Two pathways are possible for the reaction of the neutral radical: Due to the disproportionation of the radical, SP and enamine were mainly produced. Also, the 1,2-dehydrosparteinium cation was formed as minor product through the second one electron transfer oxidation of this radical. The (+)-lupanine was produced by treatment of sparteinium cation with potassium hydroxide. We have isolated and confirmed the electrolysis products using IR, GC-MS, UV-Vis, and thin-layer spectroelectrochemical method.

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The Effects of Alkaloid Fraction of Korean Ginseng on the Radiation-Induced DNA Strand Breaks (방사선 조사에 의한 DNA Double Strand Breaks의 생성 및 회복에 미치는 인삼 알칼로이드 분획의 효과)

  • Cho Chul Koo;Kim Tae Hwan;Yoo Seong Yul;Koh Kyoung Hwan;Kim Mi Sook;Kim Jeong Hee;Kim Seong Ho;Yoon Hyung Keun;Ji Young Hoon
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 1995
  • Purpose : To investigate the effect of alkaloid fraction from Korean ginseng on radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (dsb) formation and repair in murine lymphocytes Materials and Methods : We used the neutral filter elution technique to assay $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}$ ray-induced DNA double strand breaks formation and repair in C57BL/6 mouse spleen lymphocytes for evaluating the dose-response relationship in the presence of alkaloid fraction as a radioprotective agent. The lymphocytes were stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 u g/ml) to label $^3[H]-thymidine.$ Isotope-labelled lymphocytes in suspension were exposed to 100 Gy at $0^{\cdot}C$ in the alkaloid fraction-treated group and elution procedure was performed at PH 9.6. The extents of formation of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks and repair were compared respectively via strand scission factor (SSF) and relative strand scission factor (RSSF). Results: Alkaloid fraction reduced the formation of double strand breaks with dose modification factor of 2 15, compared to control group Rejoining of DNA dsb appeared to take place via two components. The first fast component was completed within 20.4 minutes, but the second slow component was not completed until 220.2 minutes after irradiation. About $30\%$ of dsb formed by irradiation was ultimately unrejoined despite the administration of alkaloid fraction. The administration of alkaloid fraction had a great effect on the second slow component of repair; the half-time of fast component repair was not changed, but that of slow component was 621.8 minutes. Conclusion: Neutral filter elution assay Proved to be a very effective method to quantitate the extents of DNA dsb formation and its repair. By using this technique, we were able to evaluate the efficiency of alkaloid fraction from Korean ginseng as a valuable radioprotector. Alkaloid fraction can be used prophylactically to prevent or ameliorate the severe radiation damages in workers and neighbors around the atomic power plants. For more refined study, however, more advanced purification of alkaloid fraction wil be needed in the near future.

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Construction and Optimization of Selective Membrane Electrodes for Determination of Doxepin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids (약의 조제와 생물학적 유체에서 독스핀 하이드로클로라이드의 확인을 위한 선택적 막 전극의 구성과 최적화)

  • El-Tohamy, Maha;Razeq, Sawsan;El-Maamly, Magda;Shalaby, Abdalla
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.54 no.2
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    • pp.198-207
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    • 2010
  • The construction and performance characteristics of doxepin hydrochloride selective electrodes were developed. Three types of electrodes: plastic membrane I, coated wire II, and coated graphite rod III were constructed based on the incorporation of doxepin hydrochloride with ammonium reineckate. The influence of membrane composition, kind of plasticizer, pH of the test solution, soaking time, and foreign ions on the electrodes was investigated. The electrodes showed a Nernstain response with a mean slope of 57.41 ${\pm}$ 0.5, 56.22 ${\pm}$ 0.2 and 52.88 ${\pm}$ 0.7 mV at $25^{\circ}C$ for electrode I, II and III respectively, over Doxepin hydrochloride concentration range from $1{\times}10^{-2}-1{\times}10^{-6}M$, $5{\tims}10^{-2}-1{\times}10^{-6}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-3}-5{\times}10^{-6}M$, and with a detection limit $5.0{\times}10^{-7}M$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}M$ and $2.5{\times}10^{-6}M$ for electrode I, II and III respectively. The constructed electrodes gave average selective precise and usable within the pH range 3 - 7. Interferences from common cations, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids and drug excipients were reported. The results obtained by the proposed electrodes were also applied successfully to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.