• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of spent mushroom substrates on eating time, ruminating and resting time of growing Hanwoo. A total of eighteen growing Hanwoo $(357.0{\pm}2.9kg)$ were allocated into three feeding groups and assigned to three dietary treatments: Control (C : concentrate + rice straw; 5.32 kg + intake of free), T1 (concentrate + spent mushroom substrates + rice straw; 5.32 kg +0.82 kg + intake of free) and T2 (concentrate + spent mushroom substrates + rice straw; 5.32 kg + 1.64 kg + intake of free). Intake of rice straw was the highest at C (2.66 kg), while T2 (2.03 kg) was the lowest. But total intake and NDF intake were highly in order of T2 > T1 > C (p<0.05). Eating time was similar in C and T1 with 289.3 and 290.5 minutes, and that in T1 was the shortest with 236.0 minutes (p<0.05). When spent mushroom substrates were increased by 0 (0.0 kg), 15 (0.82 kg) and 30% (1.64 kg) of concentrate, chewing time was decreased linearly from 451.0 and 402.3 to 359.5 minutes (p<0.05), which was due to the particle size of very small feed. Number of bolus, number of chews, number of chews/bolus and FVI (chewing time/intake of feed 1kg) showed the highest to all in C. But ruminating time per bolus was the longest in T2 (69.4 min.), and number of bolus per minute was the highest at T1 (1.07 no.) Eating rate, ruminating efficiency and chewing efficiency were significantly higher (p<0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C, which was due to increased feed intake and the small particle size of spent mushroom substrates. When fed with concentrate, Hanwoo group did united behavior in the all treatment (C, T1 and T2). But group behavior in ruminating and resting was hardly influenced by feeding levels of roughage. Consequently, spent mushroom substrates could be used up to from 15 to 30% in growing Hanwoo roughage source without any harmful effect on eating behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in shear bonding strength between resin cements to dental materials when a universal primer (Monobond plus) was applied in place of a conventional primer. Materials and methods: Four groups of testing materials: gold alloy (Argedent Euro, n = 16), non precious metal (T-4, n = 20), zirconia (Cercon, n = 20) and glass ceramic (IPS e.max press, n = 20), were fabricated into discs, which were embedded in an acrylic resin matrix. The gold alloy specimens were airborne-particle abraded, 8 of the specimens were coated with Metal primer II, while the remaining 8 specimens were coated with Monobond plus. The non precious and zirconia specimen were airborne-particle abraded then, the control group received Alloy primer coating, while the other was coated with Monobond plus. Glass ceramic specimens were etched. 10 specimens were coated with Monobond-S and the remaining specimens were coated using Monobond plus. On top of the surface, Multilink N was polymerized in a disc shape. All of the specimens were thermal cycled before the shear bonding strength was measured. Statistical analysis was done with Two sample $t$-test or Mann-Whitney U test (${\alpha}$=.05). Results: There were no significant differences in bonding strength depending on the type of primer used in the gold alloy and glass ceramic groups ($P$>.05), however, the bonding strengths of resin cements to non precious metal and zirconia groups, were significantly higher when the alloy primer was used ($P$<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, improvement of universal primers which can be applied to all types of restorations is recommended to precious metals and zirconia ceramics. But, the bond strengths of non precious metals and zirconia ceramics were significantly lower when compared to a 10-MDP primer. More research is needed to apply universal primers to all types of restorations.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.73-87
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the empirical results of Analytic Hierarchy Process/Data Envelopment Analysis-Assurance Region(AHP/DEA-AR) by using multiple regression analysis during the period of 2009-2012 with 5 inputs (number of gantry cranes, number of berth, berth length, terminal yard, and mean depth) and 2 outputs (container TEU, and number of direct calling shipping companies). Assurance Region(AR) is the most important tool to measure the efficiency of seaports, because individual seaports are characterized in terms of inputs and outputs. Traditional AHP and multiple regression analysis techniques have been used for measuring the AR. However, few previous studies exist in the field of seaport efficiency measurement. The main empirical results of this study are as follows. First, the efficiency ranking comparison between the two models (AHP/DEA-AR and multiple regression) using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney signed-rank sum test were matched with the average level of 84.5 % and 96.3% respectively. When data for four years are used, the ratios of the significant probability are decreased to 61.4% and 92.5%. The policy implication of this study is that the policy planners of Korean port should introduce AHP/DEA-AR and multiple regression analysis when they measure the seaport efficiency and consider the port investment for enhancing the efficiency of inputs and outputs. The next study will deal with the subjects introducing the Fuzzy method, non-radial DEA, and the mixed analysis between AHP/DEA-AR and multiple regression analysis.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.410-424
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• 2011

This study was investigated for the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of canned sea mussel using tomato paste. Shell were washed, and then steamed and shucked. Sea mussel meat was prepared with ratio of sea mussel 90g, tomato paste sauce 65g(tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%). The sea mussel meats were packed with vacuum seamer in 301-3 can, and then sterilized for various F0 value(F0 8-12 min.) in a steam system retort at $118^{\circ}C$. The factors such as pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, chemical composition, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned sea mussel produced with various sterilization condition(F0 8-12 min.) were measured. The same element was also measured during preservation. The results showed that the product sterilized at F0 8 min. and preserved for 90 days were the most desirable.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.594-603
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the issue in obese children with a high probability of leading to precocious puberty for they have more advanced skeletal maturation compared to normal children in order to contribute to the health of obese children by identifying the relationship between physique and physical fitness according to their skeletal maturation. A total of 243 obese children between the ages of 10-13 were enrolled as subjects, and the skeletal maturation, which symbolize indicators of biological maturation, were evaluated by using the TW3 method after hand-wrist radiographs, thus classified the skeletal maturation level into retarded group(n=70), normal group(n=128), and advanced group(n=45). A stadiometer and InBody 270 (Biospace, Korea) were used to measure 3 components in physique. A total of 7 components in physical fitness, which included muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, cardiovascular endurance, balance, agility, were measured as well. Descriptive statistics and one-way variable analysis (ANOVA) were conducted for data processing using SPSS 25.0, and Duncan's multiple-range method was used for post hoc analysis; and it was considered significant at the level of P< .05. Analysis results of this study may be summarized as follow. First, height and weight in physique factors according to the skeletal maturation between the retarded, normal, and advanced groups in males and females were highly significant. Second, physical fitness comparison according to the skeletal maturation in males were statistically significant in muscular strength, power, and agility whereas muscular strength and balance were statistically significant in females.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2008

To identify the potential area of gas hydrate in the Ulleung Basin, 2-D and 3-D seismic surveys using R/V Tamhae II were conducted in 2005 and 2006. Seismic survey equipment consisted of navigation system, recording system, streamer cable and air-gun source. For reliable velocity analysis in a deep sea area where water depths are mostly greater than 1,000 m and the target depth is up to about 500 msec interval below the seafloor, 3-km-long streamer and 1,035 $in^3$ tuned air-gun array were used. During the survey, a suite of quality control operations including source signature analysis, 2-D brute stack, RMS noise analysis and FK analysis were performed. The source signature was calculated to verify its conformity to quality specification and the gun dropout test was carried out to examine signature changes due to a single air gun's failure. From the online quality analysis, we could conclude that the overall data quality was very good even though some seismic data were affected by swell noise, parity error, spike noise and current rip noise. Especially, by checking the result of data quality enhancement using FK filtering and missing trace restoration technique for the 3-D seismic data inevitably contaminated with current rip noises, the acquired data were accepted and the field survey could be conducted continuously. Even in survey areas where the acquired data would be unsuitable for quality specification, the marine seismic survey efficiency could be improved by showing the possibility of noise suppression through onboard data processing.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.3.2-3
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• 1981

This paper was attemped to analize 55 cases of fiberoptic bronchoscopy during period of 3 years from Feb. 1978 till Feb. 1981 in Chung Ang University hospital. The results were as follow; 1) In age distribution; Most common age group was 5th decade (15 cases, 27.2%) and the other age groups showed relatively even distribution. 2) The ratio of male to female was 3 to 1. 3) The chief complaints were presented in following order; cough (52%), hemoptysis(25%), dyspnea(23.6%), chest pain(18%), chest disomfort(9%). 4) Direct smear of bronchoscopic aspiration material; Not found 33 cases (60%) were most common finding. In the founded bacteria Gram positive cocci 2 cases (3.6%), Gram negative cocci 2 cases (3.6%), Gram positive bacilli 1 cases (1.8%), Gram negativebacilli 2 cases (3.6%), mixed form 15 cases(27.2%) were presented. 5) Bacterial culture of bronchoscopic aspiration material; No growth 28 cases (50.9%) were most common finding. In the bacterial growth, alpha hemolytic streptococci 10 cases (18.2%), Neisseria group 7cases(12.7%), Klebsiella 2 cases (3.6%), Pseudomonas 2 cases (3.6%), mixed culture 6 cases (10.9%) were presented, 6) The diagnosis of bronchoscopic appearance, laboratory exam., and pathologic exam. of biopsed specimen were 21 cases (38.1%) primary carcinoma of bronchus, 8 cases (14.5%) pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 cases (12.7%) bronchitis in orders.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the effect of corn silage and roughage feeding systems on milk yield and milk compositions. The experimental design was allotted into 3 treatments according to the feeding systems of rice straw(rice straw＋concentrate: T1), corn silage(corn silage ＋ concentrate: T2) and TMR treatment(Total mixed rate : roughage ＋ concentrate: T3). This research was carried out from Oct. 1988 to Mar. 1999 at Kimcheon Kyungbook. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The milk yield increased upon T2(31.9$\pm$3.2kg) ＞ T3(29.6$\pm$3.8kg) ＞ T1 treatment(22.5$\pm$2.0kg)(P<0.05), but cows with T2 and T3 produced the highest at third parity while T1 at forth parity. 2. The milk fat percentage was the highest at T3 treatment(3.79$\pm$0.31%), and on the other hand T1 treatment appeared the lowest percentage. Cow at 2nd parity produced the highest milk fat contend over the other parity. 3. There was no significant difference in protein content between treatments and parity, but T2 and T3 were higher than T1 4. Treatment did not affact content of SNF even though T2 and T3 of the SNF revealed to higher than T1. T5 was T3(12.51$\pm$0.57%)>T1(11.71$\pm$0.62%)>T2 treatment(11.52$\pm$0.55%). These were not significant. 5. Somatic cell counts were the highest at T1(39.6 ${\times}$ $10^4$cell/ml), but T2 treatment was the lowest as 28.7 ${\times}$ $10^4$ cell/ml. These results indicates that com silage(T2) and TMR treatment(T3) could be recommended

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.64-79
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• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.