• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2006

Purpose: A primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach is relatively rare, accounting for only about 0.5% of all gastric cancers. However, its histopathologic characteristics are still unclear, and the most appropriate form of therapy has not been established yet. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 8 patients with pathologically confirmed primary adenosquamous carcinomas out of 8,268 patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery at Samsung Medical Center between September 1994 and December 2004. Results: The median age of the 8 patients was 49 ($41{\sim}69$) years, and the male : female ratio was 5 : 3. In 3 patients, the tumor was located at the mid body of the stomach, and in 5 patients, at the lower body or antrum. The tumor sizes were $2.5{\sim}8cm$. Seven patients showed metastases to the regional lymph nodes. The UICC stage distribution were: 5 stage II, 2 stage III, and 1 stage IV. In the stage IV patient, a palliative gastrojejunostomy was performed, and he died 5 months after surgery. Of the 7 patients who underwent a radical gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotheratpy, the median survival was 34 ($12{\sim}66$) months, 2 patients died of cancer recurrence, and 4 patients are being followed up without evidence of recurrence. Conclusion: As for an adenocarcinoma of the stomach, a radical gastrectomy including regional lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant therapy should be performed for appropriate treatment of an adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2012

Histologic and microstructural changes during the postembryonic development of the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy to examine the relationship between a morphological differentiation and behavioral properties. The postembryo with abdominal yolk sac was stayed inactive in the egg case because its muscular and visual systems were not fully developed to a functional level. The first instar spiderlings, developed from the postembryo by a first molting process, started to exhibit its pigmentation on their body cuticles. In particular, undifferentiated cell clusters of central nervous system (CNS) were densely distributed within the cephalothorax, and highly differentiated abdominal ganglion was observed. They had a characteristic visual system looks more like its adult counterpart, and had segmented appendages looks more like the tiny spiders containing well oriented muscular system. After 3rd instar, spiderlings grew more rapidly with accordance to their consistent growth and periodical molting processes. Thus, the relative area of CNS with respect to cephalothorax was gradually decreased, instead a pair of venom glands, musculature, and connectives occupied the residual area. It has been revealed that the early development of spider can be controled by the feeding condition of larval period, since histologic and microstructural differentiations in both appendages and optic system were completed at the second instar. In particular, behavioral properties of the wandering spiders that depend on vision and their running ability were deeply related to physiological differentiation of the microstructural development.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1991

Studies were carried out to investigate structural characteristics of the larval and adult light organs of Luciola lateralis Mot. and to observe the relation between the light organ and nerve. The larval light organs, (LLO)existed at a paired dorsal lateral positions of the 8th abdominal segment. The organ was spherical or sub-spherical in shape. There were many vacuoles around the LLO. As larva grew, the number of vacuoles increased. LLO had the muscles in its interior part and their role seemed to fix the LLO position in space. Also, there were the tracheae and tracheoles in LLO. The Adult light organs (ALO) were at the ventral portions of the 5th and 6th abdominal segments in the male, but only on the 5th abdominal segment in the female. ALO had two functional layers, i.e., photocyte and dorsal layer. Tracheal end organs existed in both layers but their arrangements were irregular. Rod-shaped photocytes and spherical photocytes were observed in the ALO of male and female, but the rod-shaped types were rarely found in the female. In the ALO of the 5th abdominal segment, two paired peripheral nerves were originated from the anterior part of the last abdominal compound ganglion. A pair of peripheral nerves were originated from the posterior part of the compound ganglion to innervate the 6th abdominal segment ALO. And LLO was innervated by a paired peripheral nerves from the last abdominal ganglion.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.782-791
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• 1997

Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) are a group of intermediate filaments that are distributed in the cytoplasm of many type of glial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine change of GFAP immunoreactivity(GFAP-IR) in rat trigeminal ganglion satellite cells in response to pulp exposure. The immunohistochemistry was carried out using the avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex(ABC) method and subsequently stained with AEC(3-aminoethyl-9-carbasol). 1. Contol group; Central root astrocytes had strong GFAP-IR, but ganglion satellite cells occasionlly had GFAP-IR. This reaction patterns of ganglion satellite cells was not concenturated in any specific region of trigeminal ganglion. 2. Three day pulp exposure group; There was a highly GFAP-IR in satellite cells of trigeminal ganglion in maxillary region. GFAP-IR in neighboring mandibular and ophthalmic regions was less intense compared to maxillary region. 3. Seven day pulp exposure group; In this group, GFAP-IR that was increased compared to control group was seen in the maxillary region. But GFAP-IR was less intense compared to three day pulp exposure group. These results suggest that GFAP in satellite cell increase in specific region of trigeminal ganglion after pulp exposure and offer useful tool in trigeminal pain research.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.381-386
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• 2002

Background: Bronchial carcinoids account for approximately 2% of all pulmonary tumor and consist of typical carcinoids and atypical carcinoids. An atypical carcinoids is considered to be an intermediate form of tumor between a low-grade malignant typical carcinoid and a high-grade malignant small cell lung carcinoma. There is still controversy with regard to the extent of resection and the value of systemic adjuvant therapy in atypical carcinoids. We performed a retrospective review of our experiences at Severance Hospital. Material and Method: Between 1990 and 2000, 15 patients with bronchial carcioids were operated, and 5 of these had atypical carcinoids. Histologic diagnosis was established un the criteria of WHO/IASLC(1999). Result: There were 3 pneumonectomies, 11 lobectomies, and 1 segmentectomy. In typical carcinoids, one patient had regional lymph node metastasis, and 3 patients in atypical carcinoids had mediastinal lymph node metastases. Distant metastases developed in one patient of typical carcinoid, but developed in 4 patients of atypical carcinoids(p=0.0017). The 5-year survival rate in patients with atypical carcinoids was 20%, versus the 100% 5-year survival rate observed in patients with topical carcinoids(p=0.0039). Conclusion: In atypical carcincids, because of many lymph node metastases on diagnosis and a low long-term survival rate, lobectomy constitutes a mininal procedure. Adjuvant systemic therapy is recommended fur patients with lymph node and distant metastasis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the cytotoxic effect of oxygen radicals on cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons derived from mouse. the neurotoxic effect of oxygen radicals w as examined after cultured DRG neurons were exposed to xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX)-oxygen radical generating system. In addition. neuroprotective effect of epidermal growth factor(EGF) against oxidant-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated in these cultures. The results were, as follows: 1. Lethal concentration 50(LC$_{50}$) was 35mU/ml XO and 0.1mM HX in cultured DRG neurons. 2. Oxygen radicals induced the morphological changes such as the decrease of cell number and loss of neurites in these cultures. 3. EGF increased the cell viability and neurofilament in neurons damaged by oxygen radicals. From above the results, it is suggested that oxygen radicals have a cytotoxic effect on cultured DRG neurons of neonatal mouse and selective neurotrophic factors such as EGF are, effective, in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals in cultured spinal DRG neurons.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2012

Importance of behavior factors or environmental factors in visual organization and visual function of fish is treated with great care in visual ecology, and there is no study about initial ocular growth and development on the dark banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis. Thus, this study was performed. The total length, head length, head depth, eye diameter and lens diameter of the dark banded rockfish showed positive allometric relationship between parturition stage and 60 days post-parturition (dpp). The increase in total length relative to head length and head depth, head length growth relative to eye diameter and lens diameter, and head depth growth relative to eye and lens diameter were nearly isometric. The eyes were formed completely at parturtion stage. At this age, the eye has an optic nerve fiber layer, a ganglion cell layer, an inner plexiform layer, an inner nuclear layer, an outer plexiform layer, an outer nuclear layer, an outer limiting membrane, a rod and cone layer and an epithelial layer. Thickness of retina at 60 dpp was higher than that of at parturition stage. During this experiment, the proportion of the rod and cone layer, outer nuclear layer, and optic nerve fiber layer of retina were significantly increased, while the proportion of the outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of retina were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The essential demands that must be met by the retina in this species pertain to light sensitivity and spatial resolution.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2014

배경 및 목적 타액선 선양낭성암종은 느린 성장 속도와 늦은 원격 전이를 특징으로 하는 드문 상피성종양이다. 본 연구는 다양한 임상 병리학적 변수를 통해 선양낭성암종의 원격 전이에 영향을 주는 인자를 조사하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 1999년 10월부터 2011년 12월까지 본원 이비인후과에서 타액선 선양낭성암종으로 진단되어 치료 받은 44명(남자 19명, 여자 25명)을 대상으로 원격전이를 유발하는 위험 인자를 조사하였다. 8명의 환자는 배제 기준에 따라 제외하였다. 환자의 평균 연령은 54세였다. 환자의 병리 보고서, 종양의 크기, T 병기, 수술 절제연의 종양 존재 유무, 신경 조직 침습, 림프절 전이가 조사되었다. 결 과 15명의 환자가 원격전이가 있었으며 21명은 원격 전이가 없었다. 원격 전이를 유발할 수 있는 여러 인자들을 비교하였을 때, 원격 전이는 수술 절제연의 종양 세포 잔존(p=0.014), 종양의 크기(p=0.038), 진행된 T 병기(p=0.024)가 통계적으로 유의하게 연관성이 있었다. 림프절 전이와 신경 조직 침습은 원격 전이와 연관이 없었다. 결 론 종양의 크기, 진행된 T 병기, 수술 후 절제연의 종양 세포 잔존은 원격 전이의 예측 인자로 생각된다. 따라서 이에 해당하는 환자의 경우 더욱 철저한 관리 및 경과 관찰을 요한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

In this study, we examined the effect of Perilla frutescens extract (PFE) on oxidative stress-induced cell death in RGC-5 cell lines. Staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 (ssdRGC-5) cells obtained by treating RGC-5 cells with $1{\mu}M$ staurosporine were incubated with PFE for 30 min and then exposed to buthionine sulfoximine plus glutamate (B/G) for 20 h. Cell death was detected using lactate dehydrogenase release assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. To investigate the mechanism underlying cell death, we determined caspase-3 activity, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and expression levels of cytoplasmic cytochrome c and mitochondrial Bax. Treatment of ssdRGC-5 cells with B/G increased intracellular ROS and induced apoptosis with increasing caspase-3 activity. PFE rescued ssdRGC-5 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular ROS production and caspase-3 activation and regulating apoptosis-related proteins such as cytochrome c and Bax. These findings suggest that PFE may have a beneficial neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic death in ssdRGC-5 cells.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2000

To study the effects of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (REUU) on oxygen free radical-mediated damage by hydrogen peroxide $(H_{2}O_{2})$ on cultured spinal sensory neurons, in vitro assays such as MTT assay, NR assay, neurofilament enzymeimmuno assay (EIA), sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, assay for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and assay for lipid peroxidation were used in cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons derived from mice, Spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons were cultured in media containing various concentrations of $H_{2}O_{2}$ for 5 hours, after which the neurotoxic effect of $H_{2}O_{2}$ was measured by in vitro assay. The protective effect of the herb extract, Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (REUU) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity was also examined. The results are as follows. 1. In NR assay and MTT assay, $H_{2}O_{2}$ significantly decreased the cell viability of cultured mouse spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons according to exposure concentration in these cultures. An additional time course study was done on these cultures. 2. Cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons which were exposed to various concentrations of $H_{2}O_{2}$ showed a quantitative decrease of neuronal cells by EIA and of total protein by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, while they showed an increase of both lipid peroxidation and LDH activity. 3. The effect of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (REUU) on $H_{2}O_{2}$ induced neurotoxicity showed a quantitative increase in both neurofilament and total protein, but showed a decrease of lipid peroxidation and LDH activity. These results suggest that $H_{2}O_{2}$ has a neurotoxic effect on cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons from mice and that the herb extract, Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (REUU), was very effective in protecting $H_{2}O_{2}$ induced neurotoxicity by decreasing lipid peroxidation and LDH activity.