• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

본 연구는 화력발전의 부산물로 발생하는 석탄바닥재가 골프장 사질 토양의 개량재로 사용 적합한지를 평가하기 위해 수행되었으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 석탄바닥재의 화학성을 분석한 결과 총질소 0.34%, 가용성 인산 $52mgL^{-1}$, 치환성 칼륨 $51mgL^{-1}$ 뿐만 아니라 소량의 치환성 칼슘과 마그네슘을 함유하고 있어 식물생육에 이롭고, 유해중금속함량은 Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, Pb, Ni, As는 $1mgL^{-1}$ 이하, Cu 농도는 $1.25mgL^{-1}$ 검출되어 토양환경보전법의 토양오염우려기준 이하이므로 석탄바닥재 재활용으로 인한 토양오염 가능성은 매우 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 2. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료의 투수계수와 유효수분함량을 측정한 결과 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 증가할수록 투수계수는 유의성 있게 감소하고 유효수분함량은 유의성 있게 증가해 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 수분보유력을 개선하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 3. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성한 라이시미터에 잔디종자 파종 후 약 4개월 뒤 잔디밀도가 완전히 형성된 후에 시비 후 3일 간격으로 채취한 용탈수를 분석한 결과 1일과 4일 후에 채취한 초기 용탈수에서는 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높을수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 유의성 있게 감소했으며, 대조구에 비해 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높은 처리구일수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 용탈수 채취기간 동안 지속적으로 용탈되었다. 이 결과로 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 양분 보유력을 개선하는데 효과적이고 석탄바닥재처리가 대조구에 비해 오랫동안 식물 생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 4. 골프장 그린상구조와 동일한 시험포장을 만들고 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재 10%와 20% 그리고 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트를 부피비로 10% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성하고 크리핑 벤트그래스(Agrostis paulstris Huds), Penn A-4 $10gm^{-2}$을 파종한 후에 처리구별로 잔디 품질을 평가하기 위해 잔디 밀도, 뿌리길이, 색상 및 시각적 품질을 조사한 결과 석탄바닥재 처리구는 기존에 사용하는 개량제인 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트 처리구와 동등한 잔디생육 촉진 효과가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 5. 결론적으로 석탄바닥재는 골프장 토양의 물리적 특성과 화학적 특성을 개선하고 잔디생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는데 효과적인 토양개량재라고 할 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2017

The authors reviewed the history of creation and management, purposes, extents, methods of creation, planting species and mediums, structure of vegetation layers and legal management, etc. of coastal forests of Korea. Since the Goryeo dynasty, the inhabitants in the coastal regions has long been aware the safety from natural disasters and the local governments manages for the defence and natural disasters, and collaboration among GO and NGOs, as well as enterprises are participating to the conservation of coastal forests in Korea. The purposes of creation and management of coastal forests in historical aspects are prevention of disasters, safety by the Fengsui, military uses, and timber productions, but partly as the places for religious beliefs, safety from diseases and fires, increasing of forest products and fishes, as well as tourists, improving of amenity and landscapes and recreation, inherits of traditional culture, habitats for wildlife, and ecological corridors, etc. The inhabitant in the coastal region who experienced frequent natural disasters has strong supports for the conservation of coastal forest and as a natural resources to inherits to the coming generations as the coastal forests has high values of academic researches on human society, culture, ecology and recreational uses, etc. The extensive overall researches on the creation and managements of coastal forests, as well as cultural tradition in the coastal forests of Korean peninsula are critically essential.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 2021

This study studied the value of the spatial organization of the temple and the form of the garden located in the Seojang area in the southwestern regions of China. The value of the Lama temple was looked into by examining the relationship between Lamaism and Lama temple through the spatial organiz ation, building arrangement, and garden of temples that served as the center of history, culture, and politics of the time in the process of converging Buddhism introduced through China's central districts and India with folk beliefs in Seojang through the poor environment. To this end, the value of the space and garden of the Lama temple was derived through the representative Lama temples, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple. First, due to the unique environment in which ice caps and green areas coexist, the representative Lama temples in Seojang, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple, are widely distributed in the form of leaning against valleys and mountain ranges based on folk beliefs and Buddhism's Jatabuli(自他不二) and mandala. the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Second, the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Buildings for worship are located in the upper space, and spaces for practice and garden are located in the lower space. The garden existed in two main forms. Third, the garden existed in two main forms. Located in the center of the practice space, the garden had an ideal structure to plant bo tree to escape from the two false obsession and go to a world of truth that is with the Buddha behind the world through practice like Sakyamuni, and there was a garden around the temple where meditation and exchange took place. Evergreen coniferous forests are mainly planted in the forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

By studying 'Sauidangzi' written by Honggyungmo(1774~1851), this paper shows on the location, the space organization, and the landscape culture of 'Sauidang' which was upper class's house in late period of the Joseon. Sauidang was the residence of about 530 kan(about $1,750m^2$) which was given to Jeongmyunggongju(daughter of Sunzo) by Injo when she married with Hongjuwon, located at the good place where Mt. Mokmyuk, Mt. Dobong, Mt. Inwang, and Janwon peak are harmonized all together. The residence was on the foothill of Mt. Mokmyuk, facing to the northeast. The main house was facing to the east with the inner and back yards, and the separate house(Sauidang) was facing to the west with the garden, and a vegetable field was set in the outer yard where is connected with a main road where willow trees were lined up, 'Sauidang' was called as "the garden of princess", and a stair-shaped flower garden was made to the south, and one could look down the Hanyang castle as a whole. In the garden, there were trees and house plants enriching one's mind to wish an eternal life with oddly shaped stones or flowers, and symbolizing a fairly land. There were 38 types of trees that were planted either on the ground or in pots as various bundles like 1 tree, 2 trees, 3 trees, 4 trees, 5 trees, 8 trees, and 9 trees. Taehosuk, oddly shaped stones, stone panels, stone pillars, jade panels, sundial, walls and fences, stone stairs, steppingstones, and buildings were set for the landscape. Also, the residence had rare luxuries of landscaping culture like Wangheeji's Nanjungsoogyeseo, Sosik's Cheeongjeongi, Jomangboo's Jeokbyukboo, and Anpyungdaegoon's Behaedangcheop.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

This study aims to discuss the characteristics of garden architecture in Italian Renaissance Villa Lante that was constructed by the cardinal in Bagnaia at 16th century through actual survey and analysis of the garden's elements. To do this, it was studied in two ways: Analysis of the present conditions and review historical documents. The results are as follows. First, the buildings, the gardens and the surrounding landscapes are visually connected each other in relations between the topography and the surrounding landscapes. Second, the spatial composition accepted Neoplatonic law of multiple proportions and was influenced by ancient myth and "Liber ruralium commodorum" of Pietro de Crescenzi(1305). Third, the garden's elements consist of plants, buildings and items. In plants, the upper plants are fir tree, cypress and pine tree and the lower plants are english holly, box tree and sweet oleander. The buildings are casino, loggia and terrace. The items are pot, sundial, chair, viewing platform and fountain. The result of this study, the political and social, technical phenomena which constitute construction pattern affected the locational property and the spatial organization of the neighbor on Villa Lante.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.377-395
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• 1993

Habitat types, community structure and population characteristics of Koelreuteria paniculata were investigated in Mt. Wolak, Chungbuk and Naesokdong, Daegu, which are natural habitats of the species in inland region of Korea, and its origin was discussed. Habitats of Koelreuteria paniculata were classified to 3 types: sand bar formed by the sands flooded in the course of flow of the mountain stream (Type 1). crevice on the rock bed within the mountain stream (Type 2) and crevice of the rock around the edge of mountain stream (Type 3). Most Koelreuteria paniculata communities in Mt. Wolak site were composed of 3 layers of subtree layer, shrub layer and herb layer and that of Daegu site was 4 layers including tree layer. In the floristic composition of the Koelreuteria paniculata community, plants occurring frequently in the wet and open site, such as Zelkova serrata and Fraxinus rhynchoph-vlla showed high frequency. Frequency distribution of diameter at ground surface of Koelreutrria paniculata showed reversed J-shaped type. It was supposed that expansion of Koelreuteria paniculata community in Mt. Wolak site might be accomplished by the flow of the stream. Many saplings capable of becoming a successor of mature trees in Daegu site in near degenerating phase were established on the forest floor of the Koelreuteria paniculata community. From this result, it was supposed that these saplings originated from the seeds dispersed from a seed tree might form the Koelreuteria paniculata community of the next generation. On the other hand, the origin of Koelreutevia paniculata in inland sites was explained by two hypotheses: the one was that Koelreuteria paniculata might be transplanted by human and the other was that the present site might be native habitat of the community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2004

Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) has been planted in Korean forests for several decades, primarily for erosion control and use as a fuel supply. To enhance its value, and especially potential use as lamina for structural glued laminated timber (glulam), log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine were evaluated in this study. Trees from pure pitch pine stands with an average diameter at breast height of 32 cm were felled and bucked into 3.6m long 15 cm minimum butt-end diameter logs. Over 80% of the logs were classified to No.2 or No.3 visual grade group. Upon sawing total lumber yield was 55.2%, 39.9% for structural glulam lamina, 7.2% for louver, and 8.1% for miscellaneous use. The final lumber yield for manufacturing structural glulam, after cross-cutting to eliminate knots and finger jointing, was only 15.3%. To enhance this manufacturing yield requires that the rate of knot-included lumber used as lamina be raised. However arrangement of the knot-included lamina, whose mechanical properties need to be accurately evaluated, must be optimized to minimize any reduction to the structural glulam strength. The log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine evaluated in this study are expected to facilitate proper planning for wood product manufacture in the Korean lumbering and glulam industrial field, which has not previously dealt with this species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.394-405
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to propose methods to transplant for the ecosystem damage borrow pits. The research site is Junggun-dong Gwangyang-si Jeollanam-do. The total area of the site is approximately $199,026m^2$, but the area damaged by exploitation of soil and rocks is about $84,200m^2$. This signals the transplanting method to solve the problems of ecological destruction. The research will focus on the areas either which are evaluated as damaged or in which the development is inevitable. Therefore, this study will investigate the vegetation structure and their evolution, topological and soil character, and annual ring structure; in the end, the study will propose compensating and restoring options. This study proposed the selection of trees and their planting methods by using the models of the community transplantation(Quercus mongolica trees) and the tree transplantation(Pinus thunbergii trees). The study set out plans that will attempt to restore the Quercus mongolica forests and 89 Quercus mongolica trees of the canopy layer trees, 153 middle layer trees, and 661 shrubs are suitable. The tree transplantation utilized the existing Pinus thunbergii trees. The number of transplantation is 2,648. The total area of the transplantation topsoil is calculated to be $15,353m^3$. These study results must be contributed to reduce a damaged ecosystems and compensated damaged ecosystems for solving the problem of damaged borrow pits.