• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1465-1483
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• 2020

Evapotranspiration is a concept that includes the evaporation from soil and the transpiration from the plant leaf. It is an essential factor for monitoring water balance, drought, crop growth, and climate change. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) corresponds to the consumption of water from the land surface and the necessary amount of water for the land surface. Because the AET is derived from multiplying the crop coefficient by the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), an accurate calculation of the ET0 is required for the AET. To date, many efforts have been made for gridded ET0 to provide multiple products now. This study presents a comparison between the ET0 products such as FAO56-PM, LDAPS, PKNU-NMSC, and MODIS to find out which one is more suitable for the local-scale hydrological and agricultural applications in Korea, where the heterogeneity of the land surface is critical. In the experiment for the period between 2016 and 2019, the daily and 8-day products were compared with the in-situ observations by KMA. The analyses according to the station, year, month, and time-series showed that the PKNU-NMSC product with a successful optimization for Korea was superior to the others, yielding stable accuracy irrespective of space and time. Also, this paper showed the intrinsic characteristics of the FAO56-PM, LDAPS, and MODIS ET0 products that could be informative for other researchers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2003

This study was conducted to assess the physiological tolerance of native tree species for successful restoration and revegetation of abandoned coal-mine spoils. Study sites were two coal-mine spoils (Sododong and Ssarijae) in Taebaek, Kangwon Province, Korea. Five individuals of Betula costata and of B. schmidtii were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O$$_2$) content, nitrate reductase (NR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and for carbohydrate concentration in the leaves. Trees in the abandoned coal-mine spoils were influenced by deficiencies expressed by MDA and $H_2O$$_2$ content in the leaves of two species being higher at the coal-mine spoils than in the surrounding forest. Low NR activity indirectly represented nitrogen deficiency in the soil of the coal-mine spoils; an unmanageable SOD activity implied that tolerant functions didn't net against a certain stress of the coal-mine spoils. Decreased glucose and increased starch concentration especially showed the inhibition of the carbohydrate metabolism by inadequate factors. Consequently, low nitrogen content in the real-mine soils might increase damage in trees as a result of inhibiting the expression of tolerance mechanisms against stress. Therefore, trees in coal-mine spoils need ample nitrogen to use as a metabolic energy source in order to prevent damage and increase tolerance against stress.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.502-509
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• 1993

In Ulrung floral community the growing environments and nutritive values of wild garlic was investigated. The wild garlic, grown for $3{\sim}4\;years$ in community area, were able to develope bulbs. The bulbs with 2 leaves had the highest ratio of propotion as 75.1% of share among the distribution of bulbs with completely developed leaves and 1 leaf-bulbs and 3 leaves-bulbs had 19.6% and 5.3%, respectively. Also the 2 or 3 leaves-bulbs indicated the better growth states in the part of shoot and bulbs than 1 leaf-bulbs, and there was a significant defferences in each growth between 2 leaves-and 3 leaves-bulbs. On the wild garlics we cannot find out insect injuries. However, there was deseases with symptoms of leaf-spots and lesion from May to June. At first it made a small spots on the leaves, followed by senescence at arrounding area of spots, and then it expanded to whole leaf. This pathogenic bacterium was supposed to be a member of Aristastoma. The contents of crude protein, fat, and carbohydrate in each portion of wild garlics decresed in the order of shoot, expanded leaves and bulbs. On the contrary, crude fibers increased in the same order and so it is not suitable for human consumption nutritional value. However, because the shoots of wild garlics have more than the other Allium sp., the shoots will be a good quality food stuff.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2006

This study's objects are to suggest effective forest community-level management measures by identifying the vulnerable forest vegetation communities types to climate change through a comparative analysis with present forest communities identified and delineated in the Actual Vegetation Map. The methods of this study are to classify the climatic life zones based on the correlative climate-vegetation relationship for each forest vegetation community, the Holdridge Bio-Climate Model was employed. This study confirms relationship between forest vegetation and environmental factors using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Then, the future distribution of forest vegetation are predicted derived factors and present distribution of vegetation by utilizing the multinomial logit model. The vulnerability of forest to climate change was evaluated by identifying the forest community shifts slower than the average velocity of forest moving (VFM) for woody plants, which is assumed to be 0.25 kilometers per year. The major findings in this study are as follows : First, the result of correlative analysis shows that summer precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, elevation, soil organic matter contents, and soil acidity (pH) are highly influencing factors to the distribution of forest vegetation. Secondly, the result of the vulnerability assessment employing the assumed velocity of forest moving for woody plants (0.25kmjyear) shows that 54.82% of the forest turned out to be vulnerable to climate change. The sub-alpine vegetations in regions around Mount Jiri and Mount Seorak are predicted to shift the dominance toward Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities. In the identified vulnerable areas centering the southern and eastern coastal regions, about 8.27% of the Pinus densiflora communities is likely to shift to sub-tropical forest communities, and 3.38% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Quercus acutissima communities. In the vulnerable areas scattered throughout the country, about 8.84% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Pinus densiflora communities due to the effects of climate change. The study findings concluded that challenges associated with predicting the future climate using RCM and the assessment of the future vulnerabilities of forest vegetations to climate change are significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

As the "Guidelines for GHG Environmental Assessment" was revised, it pointed out that the developers should evaluate GHG sequestration and storage of the developing site. However, the current guidelines only taking into account the quantitative reduction lost within the development site, and did not consider the qualitative decrease in the carbon sequestration capacity of forest edge produced by developments. In order to assess the quantitative and qualitative effects of vegetation carbon uptake, the CASA-NPP model and satellite image spatial-temporal fusion were used to estimate the annual net primary production in 2005 and 2015. The development projects between 2006 and 2014 were examined for evaluate quantitative changes in development site and qualitative changes in surroundings by development types. The RMSE value of the satellite image fusion results is less than 0.1 and approaches 0, and the correlation coefficient is more than 0.6, which shows relatively high prediction accuracy. The NPP estimation results range from 0 to $1335.53g\;C/m^2$ year before development and from 0 to $1333.77g\;C/m^2$ year after development. As a result of analyzing NPP reduction amount within the development area by type of forest development, the difference is not significant by type of development but it shows the lowest change in the sports facilities development. It was also found that the vegetation was most affected by the edge vegetation of industrial development. This suggests that the industrial development causes additional development in the surrounding area and indirectly influences the carbon sequestration function of edge vegetaion due to the increase of the edge and influx of disturbed species. The NPP calculation method and results presented in this study can be applied to quantitative and qualitative impact assessment of before and after development, and it can be applied to policies related to greenhouse gas in environmental impact assessment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.210-224
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• 1996

The SLODSVAT consists of interrelated submodels that simulate : the transfer of radiation, water vapour, sensible heat, carbon dioxide and momentum in two canopy layers determined by environmental conditions and ecophysiological properties of the vegetation ; uptake and storage of water in the "root-stem-leaf" system of plants ; interception of rainfall by the canopy layers and infiltration and storage of rain water in the four soil layers. A comparison of the results of modeling experiments and field micro-climatic observations in a spruce forest(Picea abies [L].Karst) in the Soiling hills(Germany) shows, that the SLODSVAT can describe and simulate the short-term(diurnal) as well as the long-term(seasonal) variability of water vapour and sensible heat fluxes adequately to natural processes under different environmental conditions. It proves that it is possible to estimate and predict the transpiration and evapotranspiration rates for spruce forest ecosystems on the patch and landscape scales for one vegetation period, if certain meteorological, botanical and hydrological information for the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, the canopy and the soil are available.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.150-161
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• 2005

Soraksan National Park and Odaesan National Park, that are 20.7 km apart, should play an important role as habitats and corridors for wildlife because they are located in the center of Baekdudaegan. However, landscape features such as small area, fragmentation, and geographic isolation seem to impede the proper ecological functions of these two national parks. Using GIS technique, we examined the pattern of fragmentation in these two national parks and adjacent regions (Sokcho-si, Goseong-gun, Inje-gun, Yangyang-gun, and Hongcheon-gun) encompassing a total of $4573.5km^2$ in area. We then selected the patches suitable for an endangered carnivorous species, leopard cat, based on habitat conditions, and identified the network and stepping stone among patches to enable leopard cats to migrate. Diverse roads and artificial facilities in the study area generated a total of 24,701 patches: 39 patches among these were selected as potential habitats upon considering the habitat condition such as vegetation types and minimum area for leopard cat. Three patches nearby Gyebangsan and Bangtaesan were identified as a potential network center to relieve the effects of fragmentation and isolation of the two national parks. Our results also showed that patches containing Jombongsan and Bangtaesan would act as a source patch from there leopard cats can disperse to both national parks. It is an urgent task to identify the pattern of fragmentation and the connectivity between patches in national parks and adjacent areas for wildlife conservation because almost all national parks confront land- scape problems similar to the two national parks examined in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2019

This study has its aim to judge both applicability and suitability of recycling of waste soil for the use of farmland amelioration and low-lying farmland reclamation through growth and development experiment and component analysis. As results of physical characteristic evaluation on recycling of waste soil, the classification based on unified soil classification system has investigated as SW and SP affiliation and soil classification has appeared to be a loamy sand. As results of chemical component analysis, pH has appeared to be 7.0~8.4 which is relatively higher than general soil, however, heavy metal has investigated within the 1 region's standard value of soil pollution standards. As results of germination experiment, when using it by mixing recycling soil less than 75%, there is no significant influence on germination, and in the growth and development experiment, when using horticultural bed soil which is mixed with less than 40% of recycling of waste soil, it has confirmed that there is no significance difference with general soil. In case of farmland, the growth disorder of recycling of waste soil rate no more than 40% has shown that it has relatively small influences, and in case of using it by mixing with agricultural soil, it has evaluated to require concrete review of factors which may restrict growth condition including nutrition and pH.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1273-1283
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• 2022

Recently, forest fires have frequently occurred due to climate change, leading to human and property damage every year. The forest fire monitoring technique using remote sensing can obtain quick and large-scale information of fire-damaged areas. In this study, the Gangneung and Donghae forest fires that occurred in March 2022 were analyzed using the spectral band of Sentinel-2, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) to classify the affected areas of forest fires. The U-net based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) model was simulated for the fire-damaged areas. The accuracy of forest fire classification in Donghae and Gangneung classification was high at 97.3% (f₁=0.486, IoU=0.946). The same model used in Donghae and Gangneung was applied to Uljin and Samcheok areas to get rid of the possibility of overfitting often happen in machine learning. As a result, the portion of overlap with the forest fire damage area reported by the National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS) was 74.4%, confirming a high level of accuracy even considering the uncertainty of the model. This study suggests that it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the classification of forest fire-damaged area using a spectral band and indices similar to that of the Compact Advanced Satellite 500 (CAS500-4) in the Sentinel-2.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2016

This study was carried out to assess the carbon budget of two urban parks and one natural park and to prepare the plan for improving the ecological functions of the park including carbon sink. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of those study sites was calculated from the relationship between Net Primary Production (NPP) and soil respiration of each study site. To understand carbon budget of the whole area designated as the park, carbon budget of the urban park was analyzed by classifying the vegetated and the non-vegetated zones. NEP of the Nohae and the Sanggye parks calculated by reflecting areal size that the non-vegetated zones occupy were shown in -1.0 and $0.6\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. On the other hand, NEP of Mt. Bulam natural park as a reference site was in $2.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Based on the result, the Nohae park was assessed as carbon source rather than carbon sink. On the other hand, the Sanggye park was classified as carbon sink but the role was poor compared with natural park. The result is, first of all, due to lower NPP of the vegetation introduced for the parks compared with natural vegetation. The other reason is due to wide arrangement of non-vegetated zone. To solve those problems and thereby to create the urban park with high ecological quality, selection of plant species suitable for the ecological characteristic of the park, their arrangement imitated natural vegetation, and ecological zoning were recommended.