Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2016.49.1.051

Carbon Budget Evaluated in Two Urban Parks of Seoul  

Kim, Gyung Soon (National Institute of Ecology)
Pi, Jung Hun (Korea National Arboretum)
An, Ji Hong (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University)
Lim, Chi Hong (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University)
Jung, Song Hie (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University)
Joo, Seung Jin (Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling)
Lee, Chang Seok (Department of Bio and Environment Technology, Seoul Women's University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment / v.49, no.1, 2016 , pp. 51-61 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the carbon budget of two urban parks and one natural park and to prepare the plan for improving the ecological functions of the park including carbon sink. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of those study sites was calculated from the relationship between Net Primary Production (NPP) and soil respiration of each study site. To understand carbon budget of the whole area designated as the park, carbon budget of the urban park was analyzed by classifying the vegetated and the non-vegetated zones. NEP of the Nohae and the Sanggye parks calculated by reflecting areal size that the non-vegetated zones occupy were shown in -1.0 and $0.6\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. On the other hand, NEP of Mt. Bulam natural park as a reference site was in $2.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Based on the result, the Nohae park was assessed as carbon source rather than carbon sink. On the other hand, the Sanggye park was classified as carbon sink but the role was poor compared with natural park. The result is, first of all, due to lower NPP of the vegetation introduced for the parks compared with natural vegetation. The other reason is due to wide arrangement of non-vegetated zone. To solve those problems and thereby to create the urban park with high ecological quality, selection of plant species suitable for the ecological characteristic of the park, their arrangement imitated natural vegetation, and ecological zoning were recommended.
Keywords
carbon budget; heterotrophic respiration; Net Ecosystem Production (NEP); urban ecosystem; urban park;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Park, E.J. 2009. Quantification of $CO_2$ Uptake by Urban Trees and Greenspace Management for C Sequestration. Gyeonggi Research Institute, Suwon.
2 Park, M.S., S.J. Joo and C.S. Lee. 2013. Effects of urban park and residential area on the atmospheric Quantification of $CO_2$ Uptake by Urban Trees and Greenspace Management for C Sequestration concentration and flux in Seoul of Korea. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 30: 503-514.   DOI
3 Raich, J.W. and A. Tufekcioglu. 2000. Vegetation and soil respiration: correlations and controls. Biogeochemistry 48: 71-90.   DOI
4 Schimel, D.S. 1995. Terrestrial ecosystems and carbon cycle. Global Chang Biology 1: 77-91.   DOI
5 Aizen, M.A., C.L. Morales and J.M. Morales. 2008. Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. PLoS Biology 6: 396-403.
6 Jenkins, P.T. and H.A. Mooney. 2006. The United States, China, and invasive species: present status and future prospects. Biological Invasions 8: 1589-1593.   DOI
7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
8 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (Eggleston, H.S., L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara and K. Tanabe, eds.). the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama.
9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
10 Jo, H.K. 1999. Carbon Uptake and Emissions in Urban Landscape, and the Role of Urban Greenspace for Several Cities in Kangwon Province. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 27: 39-53.
11 Jo, H.K. and T.W. Ahn. 2012. Carbon Storage and Uptake by Deciduous Tree Species for Urban Landscape. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 40: 160-168.   DOI
12 Joo, S.J., M.S. Park, G.S. Kim and C.S. Lee. 2011. $CO_2$ flux in a cool-temperate deciduous forest (Quercus mongolica) of Mt. Nam in Seoul, Korea. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 34: 95-106.   DOI
13 Kim, G.S., Y.K. Lim, J.H. An, J.S. Lee and C.S. LEE. 2014a. Carbon Budget in Campus of the National Institute of Ecology. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 47: 167-175.   DOI
14 Palmer, M.A., S. Filoso and R.M. Fanelli. 2014. From ecosystem to ecosystem services: Stream restoration as ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering 65: 62-70.   DOI
15 Na, G.S. 1997. Mountain of Seoul. The City History Compilation Committee Of Seoul, Seoul.
16 National Research Council. 1991. The Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy. National Academy Press, Washington.
17 O'Meara, M. 1999. Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet. Worldwatch, Washington.
18 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Methodology. United Nations, New York.
19 Society for Ecological Restoration International. 2004. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration, www.ser.org and Tucson, Society for Ecological Restoration International.
20 Tallamy, D.W. 2004. Do alien plants reduce insect biomass? Conservation Biology 18: 1-4.   DOI
21 United Nations Environment Programme. 2009. Climate change science compendium. UNEP, New York.
22 Vitousek, P.M., C.M. D'antonio, L.L. Loope, M. Rejmanek and R. Westbrooks. 1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 1-16.
23 Whittaker, R.H. and P.L. Marks. 1975. Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity, In: Lieth, H. and R.H. Whittaker, ed. Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.
24 Aronson, J., C. Floret, E. Le Floc'h, C. Ovalle and R. Pontanier. 1993. Restoration and Rehabilitation of Degraded Ecosystems in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. I. A View from the South. Restoration Ecology 1: 8-17.   DOI
25 Amichev, B.Y., J.A. Burger and J.A. Rodrigue. 2008. Carbon sequestration by forests and soils on mined land in the Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields of the U.S. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1949-1959.   DOI
26 Amthor, J.S. 1995. Terrestrial higher plant response to increasing atmospheric $CO_2$ in relation to global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1: 243-274.   DOI
27 An, J.H., C.H. Lim, Y.K. Lim, K.B. Nam and C.S. Lee. 2014. A review of restoration project evaluation and post management for ecological restoration of the river. Journal of Restoration Ecology 4: 15-34.
28 Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk, W.D. Pitts, F.S. Gilliam and M.W. Schwartz. 1999. Terrestrial plant ecology. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
29 Bekku, Y., H. Koizumi, T. Oikawa and J. Iwaki. 1997. Examination of four methods for measuring soil respiration. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 247-254.   DOI
30 Berger, J.J. 1993. Ecological restoration and nonindigenous plant species: a review. Restoration Ecology 1: 74-82.   DOI
31 Lamb, D., P.D. Erskine and J.A. Parrotta. 2005. Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science 310: 1628-1632.   DOI
32 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emissions Secenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
33 Bradshaw, A.D. 1983. The reconstruction of ecosystems: presidential address to the British Ecological Society, December 1982. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 1-17.   DOI
34 Kim, J.S., S.J. Kong and K.C. Yang. 2014b. A study on the soil CO2 Efflux in Quercus acutissima stand at Mt. Bulam urban nature park. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 28: 762-768.   DOI
35 Korea Forest Research Institute. 2010. Study on the basis of forest carbon accounting in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
36 Korea Forest Research Institute. 2014. Carbon Emission Factors and Biomass Allometric Equations by Species in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
37 Kucera, C.L. and D.R. Kirkham. 1971. Soil respiration studies in tallgrass prairie in Missouri. Ecology 52: 912-915.   DOI
38 Kwak, Y.S., Y.K. Hur, J.H. Song and J.K. Hwangbo. 2004. Quantification of Atmospheric Purification Capacity by Afforestation Impact Assessment of Kwangyang Steel Works. Rist Research Paper 18: 334-340.
39 Lee, C.S. 2015. Climate change adaptation achieving through ecological restoration. In: Lee, C.S. (ed.). National Long Term Ecological Research: climate change and ecology. National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon.
40 Lee, C.S. and A.N. Lee. 2004. Restoration Effects Confirmed in the Environmental Forests Created on the Bases of Ecological Principles. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 22: 220-226.
41 Grubler, A. 1994. Technology and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42 Brooks, M.L., C.M. D'antonio, D.M. Richardson, J.B. Grace, J.E. Keeley, J.M. DiTomaso and D. Pyke. 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. BioScience 54: 677-688.   DOI
43 Curtis, P.S., P.J. Hanson, P. Bolstad, C. Barford, J.C. Randolph, H.P. Schmid and K.B. Wilson. 2002. Biometric and eddycovariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113: 3-19.   DOI
44 Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6: 503-523.   DOI
45 Han, D.Y. 2002. Carbon cycle modeling by litter decomposition rate and estimation of carbon dioxide budget in Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Songni National Park., Dissertation. Chungbuk National University.
46 Heleno, R.H., R.S. Ceia, J.A. Ramos and J. Memmott. 2009. Effects of Alien Plants on Insect Abundance and Biomass: a Food-Web Approach. Conservation Biology 23: 410-419.   DOI
47 Henry, L.A., A.J. Davies and J.M. Roberts. 2010. Beta diversity of cold-water coral reef communities off western Scotland. Coral Reefs 29: 427-436.   DOI
48 Houghton, R.A. 1995. Land-use changes and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1: 275-287.   DOI
49 Idso, C.D., S.B. Idso and R.C. Balling Jr. 1998. The urban $CO_2$ dome of Phonix, Arizona. Physical Geoggraphy 19: 95-99.
50 Institution of Mt. Halla. 2012. Survey of natural environment in Mt. Halla. Hallsan National Park, Jeju.
51 Lopezaraiza-Mikel, M.E., R.B. Hayes, M.R. Whalley and J. Memmott. 2007. The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach. Ecology Letters 10: 539-550.   DOI
52 Lee, C.S., Y.M. Jeong and H.S. Kang. 2011. Concept, Direction, and Task of Ecological Restoration. Journal of Restoration Ecology 2: 59-71.
53 Lee, C.S., K.S. Lee, J.K. Hwangbo, Y.H. You and J.H. Kim. 2004. Selection of tolerant plants and their arrangement to restore a forest ecosystem damaged by air pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 156: 251-273.   DOI
54 Lee, M. 2003. Method for assessing forest carbon sink by ecological process-based approach-a case study for Takayama Station, Japan. Korean Journal of Ecology 23: 131-134.
55 Lee, S.D., J.W. Choi, J.K. Lee and B.H. Han. 2006. Foundation of Park Management Plan to Consider Ecological Aspects Based on Environment Ecology Research and Analysis in Bulamsan Urban Nature Park. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 20: 170-187.
56 Litton, C.M., M.G. Ryan and D.H. Knight. 2004. Effects of tree density and stand age on carbon allocation patterns in post fire lodgepole pine. Ecological Applications 14: 460-475.   DOI
57 Ministry of Environment. 2011. Sectional impact on atmospheric carbon budget over Korea: environmental policy support. MOE, Gwacheon.
58 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. 2013. City park. Green Area Planning Division. Seoul.
59 Miller, R.W. 1997. Urban Forest: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces. Prentice Hall, Upper River, New Jersey.