• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.135-159
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• 2014

Industrial insect is defined as the insect utilized in industries that creates added value. Most of the industrial insects used in Korea are exotic species that are introduced through artificial means. Despite the rapid expansion of market for industrial insects, the system for risk assessment of industrial insects is not being adequately conducted. Although Korea carries out a risk assessment for the species designated as disease and insect pest by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, far too little consideration is being given to overall ecosystem, as the control system is covered in the Plant Quarantine Law. To solve this problem, we analyzed the Korean risk assessment system and looked at systems in other countries. The results show that it is essential for stakeholders to reach an agreement to set up fundamental directions for the system. Unless the integration system of taxonomical and ecological information is prepared, the ecological risk assessment should be conservative to protect ecosystems and should also follow the precautionary principle. It also requires cooperation among the ministries. In addition, the results indicated that a differentiation between risk assessment and screening is urgent. Several solutions such as setting up clear objectives in both assessment and screening stages, target species, steering organization and assessment criteria assessment systems from were proposed as practical institutional strategies. Among many foreign countries the assessment system from Ireland equally considers various factors such as economical, ecological safety and management aspects, It is also based on precautionary principle to fulfil its original purpose. It was suggested that the Ireland system would be the best reference that can be modified and applied into the Korean system by considering distinct characteristics of the industrial insects.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.245-248
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• 2014

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the causal agent of bacterial canker in kiwifruit (genus Actinidia). Multilocus sequence analysis of seven housekeeping and 11 type III effector genes differentiated the virulent P. syringae pv. actinidiae isolates worldwide into three groups designated as Psa1-Psa3. In this work, a total of 12 P. syringae pv. Actinidiae strains, including three Psa1, three Psa2, three Psa3 strains isolated from Korea and three Psa3 strains from Italy, were compared based on their phenotypic properties. Strains with different geographic origins had unique growth patterns as demonstrated by growth rate at several temperatures; all tested strains exhibited maximum growth at temperatures below $22^{\circ}C$, while the growth of Psa3 strains was completely inhibited above $30^{\circ}C$. Psa3 strains isolated from Korea had longer lag phases than the Psa3 strains from Italy. The Psa2 strains were different from Psa1 and Psa3 strains in the API 20NE test, in which the Psa2 strains could not utilize potassium gluconate, capric acid and trisodium citrate. Psa3 strains isolated from Korea could hydrolyze esculin. The API ZYM test showed that ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was detected only from Psa3 strains. The strains belonging to the three Psa groups differed with regard to their susceptibility to ampicillin, novobiocin, and oleandomycin.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.292-299
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• 2013

In this study, we analyzed the changes in fungal populations of red-pepper fields employing eco-friendly farming methods, such as microbial agents and crop rotation, by using polymerase chain reactions coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Primer specific for fungi were used to determine the contribution of domains to the microbial community. Analysis of planted and non-planted soil samples applying PCR-DGGE technology offered evaluation of long-term patterns in fungal species richness. To evaluate the stability of DGGE patterns from different soils, comparison of planted and non-planted soil samples were compared using PCR-DGGE. The number of DNA fragments obtained from all planted soil samples by DGGE separation was far greater (14 to 15 bands) than that of the non-planted soil samples (3 to 4 bands). In addition, 14 bands were observed from crop continuation soil treated with agrochemicals and 18 bands from crop rotation soil treated with microbial agents. The PCR-DGGE analysis suggests that the use of crop rotation and microbial agents benefits the fungal community more than crop continuation using agrochemicals. These results indicate that crop rotation with microbial agents was better able to support beneficial organisms, enable more effective biological control and maintain a healthier balance of nutrients, organic matter and microorganisms.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2009

New morpholinylcarbonylmethyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolines 2(X=O) and piperidinylcarbonylmethyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolines 3(X=C) to which morpholinyl or piperidinyl functional group were introduced at C-4 side chain of the 2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazoline scaffold were synthesized to investigate the effect of NH hydrogen of 2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazoline-4-acetanilide derivatives on the antifungal property against rice blast. Synthesized 30 compounds were screened against 6 kinds of typical plant fungi. Treatment of ketene dimer with chlorine followed by the reaction of morphorine or piperidine without isolation of the intermediate acetoacetylchloride gave $\gamma$-chloro-$\beta$-keto derivatives. These were reacted with thioureas to give morpholinylcarbonylmethyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolines and piperidinylcarbonylmethyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolines respectively in good yield (27-98%). The compound 3j, in which two fluorine atoms are substituted at ortho and para position of phenyl group of 2-phenylimino moiety and piperidinyl group is substituted at C-4, showed the highest antifungal activity (100 ppm, 90%). This result suggested that the substituent at C-4 of the 2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolines may play a supplementary role to show the antifungal activity against rice blast.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2010

Disease control efficacy was evaluated with use of Bacillus subtilis KB-401 against cucumber powdery mildew in a greenhouse and fields. B. subtilis KB-401 showing inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of various phytopathogenic fungi was formulated for the evaluation. The formulated biofungicide of B. subtilis KB-401 was less effective at 1,000 times dilution rate than that at 250 or 500 times dilution rate. The powdery mildew was successfully controlled by the biofungicide at the early stage of disease development. The field performance of the biofungicde was conducted in Asan and Cheonan city. Three or four consecutive applications of the biofungicide at 500 dilution rate with 10-day intervals resulted in considerable efficacy of disease control as high as 83.3%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2006

Tolaasin, a pore-forming toxin, is a 1,985 Da peptide produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii and causes a brown blotch disease on cultivated mushrooms. Tolaasin forms pores on the plasma membrane of various cells including fungi, bacteria, plant as well as erythrocytes, and destroys cell structure. $Zn^{+2}$ has been known to block the tolaasin activity by an unknown mechanism. Thus, we investigated the inhibitory effects of $Zn^{+2}$ on the tolaasin-induced hemolysis to understand the molecular mechanism of tolaasin-induced pore formation. $Zn^{+2}$ and $Cd^{+2}$ inhibited the tolaasin-induced hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner and their Ki values were 170 ${\mu}M$ and 20 mM, respectively. The effect of $Zn^{+2}$ was reversible since the subsequent addition of EDTA chelates $Zn^{+2}$ and removes the inhibitory effect of $Zn^{+2}$. When an osmotic protectant, PEG 2000, was added, the tolaasin-induced hemolysis was not observed. After the removal of osmotic protectant by centrifugation, resuspended erythrocytes with fresh medium were immediately hemolyzed, while the addition of $Zn^{+2}$ prevented from hemolysis, implying that tolaasin-induced pores on the membrane were already formed in the medium containing osmotic protectant. These results suggest that $Zn^{+2}$ inhibits the activity of tolaasin pores and it has minor effects on the membrane binding of tolaasin and the formation of pore.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2004

This study was carried out to develop the efficient methods for the subsequent progeny of intersectional hybrid between Oriental and Asiatic lily hybrids. The pollen fertility and germination ability of 3 different allotetraploids (OAOA) after somatic chromosome doubling was ranged from 0 to 80 percent on artificial pollen germination medium. The number of BC$_1$ progeny using allotetraploid of F$_1$ OA-hybrid as male and female parent was different. The efficiency of BC$_1$ progeny production was increased when F$_1$OA-hybrids was used as male rather than as female parent. And in back crosses of F$_1$ OA-hybrids with the Asiatic and Oriental hybrids, Asiatic hybrids showed higher efficiency on BC$_1$ progeny production. The ploidy level between 2x or 4x Asiatic hybrid and allotetraploid F$_1$ OA-hybrid was determined and showed higher progeny production in 2x-4x crosses rather than 4x-4x.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2005

To investigation protein expression pattern in rice leaves exposed to cold stress, the soluble proteins extracted from leaf tissue were fractionated with $15\%$ PEG and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Differentially expressed proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Eight proteins up-regulated and 10 down-regulated were found in $15\%$ PEG supernatant fraction. In addition, 13 proteins up-regulated and 14 down-regulated were found in $15\%$ PEG pellet fraction. It was identified the differentially expressed proteins in $15\%$ PEG supernatant fraction as pimerase/dehydratase fructokinase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (Rpi), chaperonin 21 precursor, probable photosystem II oxygen-envolving complex (PS II OEC) protein 2 precursor and thioredoxin h-type (Trx-h) and those in $15\%$ PEG pellet fraction as OSINBb0059K02.15, hypothetical protein, putative mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), beta 7 subunit of 205 proteasome, ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit. These proteins are involved in metabolism, energy, protein synthesis, disease/defense and signal transduction-related proteins.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.1 s.58
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• pp.15-21
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• 1984

The virus infecting French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was identified as Bean Common Mosaic Virus(BCMV) based on the host range, symptomatology, serology, morphology of virus particles and inclusion bodies. Isolates of BCMV were obtained from seeds of P. vulgaris collected at Suweon, Jangsu and Jinju in Korea. French bean produced vein clearing, mosaic, stunting and leaf curling. Symptom of Chenopodium quinoa was local lesions on the inoculated leaves, not on the upper leaves. The electron micrograph of the virus from French bean was flexuous approximately 750nm in length. Cylindrical and pinwheel cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in French bean leaf infected by BCMV. BCMV from the French bean was transmitted through seed and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. The thermal inactivation point was $55\~60^{\circ}C$, dilution end point was $10^{-3}\~10^{-5}$ and longevity in vitro was $2\~3$ days for BCMV from French bean. The isolates of BCMV reacted positively against BCMV antiserum. The extract of BCMV infected bean leaves, Azukibean mosaic virus (AZMV) and Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus(CaMV) also reacted with BCMV antiserum, however, BCMV and CaMV showed the spur in agar gel diffusion test.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2007

Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera fusca is one of the most important diseases in leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Since the disease has been a threat to safe cultivation of leafy lettuce, its control methods have to develop to produce good quality of lettuce for farmer and consumer. Occurrence of lettuce powdery mildew is increasing more and more due to continuous cultivation of lettuce all through the year, non-removal of diseased plant parts of lettuce, spray of inadequate fungicides by mistaken acknowledge of lettuce powdery mildew for lettuce downy mildew, etc. The control effect of five fungicides against lettuce powdery mildew was examined in a plastic greenhouse located in Suwon. When fungicides were sprayed three times at 10 days-intervals in the early stage of occurrence of powdery mildew, the incidence of powdery mildew in the plants treated with kresoxim-methy SC, azoxystrobin SC, Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ94013 WP, Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1 SC and Bacillus subtilis Y 1336 WP was 0.7%, 0.7%, 26.0%, 36.7% and 42.0%, respectively, whereas the incidence of non-treated control was 55.3% on eight days after final application. Phytotoxicity of five fungicides tested was not observed in lettuce seedling plants.