• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2006

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of root medium formulations on growth and nutrient uptake of hot pepper 'Knockgwang' in 72-cell plug trays. To achieve this, the nine root media were formulated by adjusting blending rate of perlite (PL) to coir (CO), peatmoss (PM) or coir+peatmoss (5:5, v/v, COPM). Then, the growth characteristics and tissue nutrient contents were determined at 35 and 70 days after sowing. The elevated blending rate of PL to CO increased fresh and dry weight of hot pepper at 35 days after sowing. The treatments of 20% in blending rate of PL to PM or that of 0% to COPM produced the highest fresh and dry weight among perlite treatments of PM or COPM. The results of crop growth at 70 days after sowing also showed similar trends to those of 35 days after sowing. The elevated blending rate of PL to CO or PM decreased tissue $P_2O_5$ and K contents and increased Ca and Mg contents at 35 days after sowing, With the equal blending rate of perlite, the plant tissue grown in CO had higher K contents and lower N, Ca and Mg contents than those in PM and COPM. The elevated blending rate of perlite in three organic matter also decreased tissue $P_2O_5$ and K contents at 70 days after sowing, but Ca and Mg contents were the highest in the treatment of 20% PL in CO, 40% PL in PM and 40% PL in COPM among perlite treatments in each organic matter.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.391-398
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• 2003

Research was conducted to establish the leaf and petiole sap test to diagnose the nutritional status of tomato. The concentrations of $NO_3$, $PO_4$, K, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions extracted from the leaves and petioles in the different positions in a plant were measured and compared with their corresponding inorganic contents in the leaves analyzed by the chemical method. The ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap showed the different values depending on their positions in a plant. The leaves and petioles in the lower positions of a plant had higher concentrations of $NO_3$, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions. In particular, there were greater changes of ionic concentrations and less increases in the leaf length and width from the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. On the other hand, the leaflets in a compound leaf had the same ionic concentrations. Therefore, it appeared that the optimal sampling position of leaf and petiole for the sap test is the leaflets of the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. A good correlation between the sap test and the chemical analysis of plant showed that the ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap reflect the nutritional status of tomatoes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.836-844
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate plant characteristics and nutritional components of the genetically modified (GM) Chinese cabbage and its control line grown in the central and northern parts of Korea in order to establish the evaluating protocol and standard assessment. The GM and non-GM Chinese cabbage was planted with normal and concentrated density at two locations in spring and fall of 2008 and 2009. From the statistic analysis on plant characteristics and nutritional components, there were not many significant differences between GM and non-GM Chinese cabbage. Only few differences in the plant characteristics were found between the dense and normal planting. In the dense planting, there was no significant difference between GM and non-GM Chinese cabbages except for three out of 18 plant traits, such as leaf shape, hairiness and midrib length. On the other hand, nine plant traits including leaf length, leaf width, leaf color, leaf shape, fresh weigh of ground part, number of leaf, midrib length, midrib width and root diameter were slightly different between GM and non-GM Chinese cabbage in the normal planting. In case of leaf length, midrib length, midrib width and fresh weigh of ground part, there were significantly differences not only between two lines, but also between two locations. From nutritional component analysis, only five fatty acids were identified in the Chinese cabbage: palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Except linoleic acid, four fatty acids in one gram of dried sample from GM line were little higher than those from non-GM line. However, there were no significant differences in total contents of fatty acids not only between GM and non-GM Chinese cabbage line, but also between northern and central cultivating areas in the normal and dense planting. According to the composition of inorganic elements identified in the samples from both lines, there were six macro-elements, such as N, P, Ca, K, Mg and Na, and four micro-elements, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Based on the result from PCA analysis, specific clusters were not found between GM Chinese cabbage and the control line, but found between two regions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of potassium concentrations in fertigation solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency symptoms of leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Potassium deficiency symptoms developed in older leaves with marginal necrosis. The brown areas on the lower leaves enlarged rapidly and the margins became scorched. Elevation of K concentrations in the fertigation solution up to 8 mM increased the crop growth in leaf length, stem thickness, and fresh and dry matter production of above ground plant tissue. However, that decreased the chlorophyll contents. The 8.0 mM K treatment which showed the greatest growth had 5.01 g in dry weight and 2.76% in K content of above ground plant tissue, suggesting that maintaining K content higher than 1.7% is necessary for good growth of Perilla frutesens. The K concentrations in petiole sap and soil solution of 8.0 mM treatment were $12,289mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}\;and\;11.65mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These indicated that K fertilization to maintain higher than $8,700mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in petiole sap and $4.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in soil solution are necessary to ensure good crop growth.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.358-364
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of phosphorus concentrations in fertilizer solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency in leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in a slow growth, lustreless leaves, suffused purple tining in older leaves and falling prematurely. Elevation of P concentrations in fertilizer solution increased the crop growth at 75 days after transplanting. The fresh weight in 0, 0.5 and 4.0 mM treatments were 0.48 g, 9.28 g, and 25.5 g, respectively, and dry weights were 0.06 g, 1.46 g and 4.13 g, respectively. The P concentrations in above ground plant tissue and petiole sap in 4.0 mM treatment were 1.78% and $2.040mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, at 75 days after transplanting. The soil P concentration in 4.0 mM treatment was $1.26mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ when it was determined by the 1:2 (sample:water) method. These results indicated that P concentrations higher than 0.3% in above ground plant tissue, $900mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in petiole sap, and $0.57mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in soil solution should be maintained to ensure proper growth of leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of nitrogen concentrations in the fertilizer solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency in leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above-ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Nitrogen deficiency resulted in dwarfed growth, small leaves, and bright yellow color of older leaves. The leaves of deficient plants became uniform yellowing in color and finally necrosis occurred on the deficient leaves. Elevation of N concentrations in the fertigation solution from 0 to 20 mM increased the crop growth in leaf length and width as well as fresh and dry weights of above ground plant tissue. That also resulted in the increase of chlorophyll contents. However, light toxicity symptoms such as abnormal leaf surface appeared on crops grown in 20 mM N fertilization. The plant growth was commercially acceptable in the treatments of 10 and 15 mM N. The plants with acceptable growth had 0.9 to 1.25% in N contents of above-ground plant tissue, 800 to $3,300mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in the $NO_3-N$ concentrations of petiole sap, and 28.7 to $47.3mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in the $NO_3-N$ concentrations of soil solution (1:2 extract) at 75 days after transplanting.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2018

Investigation of the optimum levels of pre-plant nitrogen for raising of hot pepper (cv. Nokkwang) plug seedlings was the objective of this research. To achieve this, the pre-plant nitrogen levels were varied to 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the other essential nutrients were controlled to equal concentrations in all treatments. All the fertilizers were added during the formulation of the mixed medium of coir dust, peatmoss, and perlite with the ratio of 35, 35, and 30% (v/v/v). The root medium containing pre-plant fertilizer was packed into 50-cell plug trays and seeds were sown. The measurement of pH and EC in every week, soil solution analysis for nutrients in week 0, 3, and 7 and growth measurements as well as tissue analysis for nutrient contents in week 7 were conducted. The pHs measured before seed sowing did not show significant differences, but the differences among treatments became significant as seedlings grow bigger. The soil solution ECs were significantly different among treatments in week 0 and these differences were diminished by degrees after week 3, resulting in no significant differences among treatments in week 7. The trends in changes of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, and other the macro-element concentrations in soil solution of root media were similar to those of ECs. The treatments of 500 and $750mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ N were more effective than other treatments on seedling growth. The seedling growths in the treatments containing higher N than $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and control were severely suppressed. The elevated pre-plant N concentrations in the root medium resulted in the increase of tissue N contents. The treatments of 500 and $750mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ N shown the highest seedling growths had 5.13% and 5.31%, respectively, in tissue N contents based on the dry weight of above ground tissue at week 7. The results of this study indicated that the optimum level of pre-plant N is 500 to $750mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for the raising of hot pepper plug seedlings.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.616-625
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the optimum level of nitrogen incorporated during formulation of root media as pre-plant fertilizer on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. A root medium was formulated by blending peatmoss:coir dust:perlite at a ratio of 3.5:3.5:3.0 (v/v/v). The nitrogen was incorporated in the seven treatments at a rate of 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ during the root medium formulation. The concentrations of other essential nutrients except nitrogen were controlled to equal in all treatments. Then, the root medium was packed into 72-cell plug trays and seeds were sown. The growth measurements as well as tissue and soil solution analysis for nutrients were conducted 2 and 4 weeks after seed sowing. As seedlings grew, the pH in the extracted solution of all treatments tended to decrease. The decreases in the treatments of high N concentrations were more severe than those with low N, but the differences among treatments were not statistically significant. The differences of EC in extracted solution of root media among treatments were sizable until week 3, but the differences began to lessen and the EC decreased in all treatments after week 4. Growth of the aerial parts of plug seedlings at 2 weeks after sowing were highest in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but those at 4 weeks after sowing were highest in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments tested. The tissue N content was highest and lowest in the treatments of 250 and $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, when tissues were harvested at 4 weeks after sowing and analysed based on the dry weight of above-ground tissue. The contents of micronutrients were the highest in the 1,000 and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments. The results shown above indicate that the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of pre-plant N and elevation of post-plant N concentration to above $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ are suitable for raising plug seedlings of Chinese cabbage using inert media.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2018

This research was conducted to determine the influence of incorporation levels of sulfur into a coir dust+pine bark medium (1:1, v/v) on the changes in the bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$) concentrations and pH of soil solution, crop growth, and nutrient uptake of 'Ssanta' strawberry. In the preparing of the mixed medium, sulfur powder was added with the rate of 0 (control), 0.23, 0.45, 0.90, and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and Hoagland nutrient solution containing $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ was supplied during the crop cultivation. The growth measurements and tissue analysis for the determination of nutrient contents were carried out 140 days after solution application and the soil solution analysis was performed every two weeks. As the level of sulfur was elevated, the overall growth of mother plants became better showing that the growth indexes except chlorophyll contents were the lowest in control treatment but the statistical differences were not found among the three treatments of $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ or higher sulfur. The higher the levels of sulfur incorporation, the higher the occurrence of runners and the growth of daughter plants. The length of the runners and the number of daughter plants occurred per mother plants were higher in the treatments of 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ than the three treatments of 0, 0.23, and $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, but the statistical differences were not observed between the 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments. The rose of pH and $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations in soil solution of root media continued all the cropping period, but those decreased slightly in the treatments of $0.90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ or higher. The soil solution concentrations of $K^+$ and $PO_4{^3-}$ in the treatments of 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was lower than those in other treatments and the statistical differences in the $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ concentrations were not observed among all treatments. The nutrient contents in tissue analyzed in this experiment were the lowest in the control treatments and those increased as incorporation rates of sulfur were elevated. Above results indicated that when 'Ssanta' strawberry is grown hydroponically and the root medium is coir dust and the pine bark (5:5, v/v) mix, the sulfur incorporation rate as pre-planting fertilizer has to be higher than $0.9g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ root medium to reduce the $HCO_3{^-}$ injury.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.342-351
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• 2019

The optimum N concentrations incorporated as pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizer were determined for seedling raising using cylindrical paper pots. A root medium was formulated by blending of peat moss (particles smaller than 2.84 mm were 80-90%) and perlite (1 to 3 mm) with the ratio of 7:3 (v/v). The treatment N concentrations incorporated during the root medium formulation were adjusted to 0, 150, 250, 500, and $750mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the concentrations of essential nutrients except N were equal in all treatments. After making of paper pots and putting into the 40-cell tray, the seeds of Chinese cabbage ('Chunmyeong Bom Baechu') and pak-choi ('Hanog cheonggyeongchae') were sown. During the raising of seedlings, weekly analysis of medium pH, EC and concentrations of inorganic elements were conducted. After 21 and 20 days after seed sowing of Chinese cabbage and pak-choi, the growth of the above-ground parts were measured and contents of inorganic elements in the plant tissues were analyzed. During the growing period, pH of the root media rose gradually and the EC decreased rapidly at week 3. The pH of root media at harvest was in the range of 5.3 to 5.9 in Chinese cabbage and 4.93 to 5.39 in pak-choi. Growth of the aboveground parts in terms of fresh and dry weight in both the plants were the highest in the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ N treatment and the lowest in the control treatment. The elevation of pre-planting N concentrations in root medium resulted in the increase of tissue N content and decrease of P, Ca, and Mg contents. The regression equation derived from the influence of varied pre-planting N concentrations on dry weight of above-ground tissue were $y=-0.0036x^2+0.0021x+0.0635$ ($R^2=0.9826$) in Chinese cabbage and $y=-0.16x^2+0.0009x+0.032$ ($R^2=0.991$) in pak-choi. When the low critical concentration of pre-plant N is taken at the point where dry weight of above-ground tissue is 10% less than maximum (0.40 g in Chinese cabbage and 0.16 g in pak-choi), those point are 0.36 g and 0.144 g per plant in Chinese cabbage and pak-choi, respectively. The lower critical N concentrations of root media calculated from the regression equations are $196mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage and $187mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pak-choi. These results indicate that optimum pre-plant N concentrations for seedling raising using paper pots are in the range of 196 to $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage and 187 to $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pak-choi.