• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2008

To produce bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs, the 36 medicinal herbs which have antioxidation or blood circulation activity, were solid fermented using Phellinus baumii mycelium. Most of medicinal herbs, except Chrysanthemum indicum (flower), Zizyphus jujuba Miller (fructus), Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond (root), Magnolia denu-data (flower), and Polygonatum sibiricum Redt (root bark), showed good fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 days under 90% of relative humidity. The poor fermentations of the herbs could be explained by lack of nutrient, structural rigidity, and the content of antifungal substance. After fermentation, the average water content of herbs were increased to $67.21{\pm}11.43%$ from $30.84{\pm}15.67%$, but the average pH and average methanol extraction ratio were slightly decreased to $11.16{\pm}7.06%$ and $4.83{\pm}0.73$ from $13.91{\pm}12.22%$ and $5.06{\pm}0.87$, respectively. The analysis of thrombin inhibition and DPPH scavenging activity of the methanol extracts of herbs showed that thrombin inhibition activities of the fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Prunus persica and Orostachys japonicus, and DPPH scavenging activities of the fermented Polygala tenuifolia, Scrophularia buergeriana, Angelica dahurica, Drynariafortunei Kunze, Cyperus rotundus, and Boschniakia rossica were increased as compared with those activities of non-fermented its cognate herbs. Our results suggest that the production of bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs is possible by solid fermentation of Phellinus baumii mycelium, as fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze showed increased antioxidant and thrombin inhibitory activities than those of non-fermented herbs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 1992

The influnces of 9 kinds of solvents on the toxicities against several insect species, phytotoxicity and solubility of compounds were evaluated by means of leaf dipping and spray methods. In case of the spray application, density and vapor pressure seemed to be a contributing factor to lethal toxicity against brown planthopper and diamond-back moth, respectively; the bigger the property of density and the smaller the vapor pressure gave the stronger toxicity. It appeared that the toxicity of solvents was not correlated with anyone of physical properties such as boiling point, dipole moment, dielectric constant, surface tension and viscosity. Spray treatment gave more toxicity to insects than leaf dipping treatment. Although dielectric constant and dipole moment seemed to be contributing factors to phytotoxic damage to rice seedling and bean plants, respectively, no general correlation between phytoxicity and the other physical properties was found. Leaf dipping application caused stronger phytotoxicity than spray application. It is concluded that 5% acetone solution may be most suitable to test chemicals because of its favorable solubility of compounds, lower toxicity to insects, and lower phytotoxicity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 2022

Abeliophyllum distichum (A. distichum, Korean endemic plant) is one genus and one species in the Oleaceae family. According to the color variation of petals and calyx, A. distichum is classified as A. distichum (white flower), A. distichum for. lilacinum (pink flowers), A. distichum for. eburneum (ivory flowers), and Okhwang 1 (golden flowers). In previous studies, bioactivities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer) of A. distichum have been reported. We conducted a comparison of the differences in bioactive compounds and the anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages among four flowers of A. distichum (FAD). The identification and quantification of glycosides were analyzed by HPLC/PDA and LCMS. These results were shown FAD has rutin, hirsutrin, and acteoside. Antioxidant activity of FAD significantly decreased reactive oxygen species. In addition, FAD reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, iNOS, and COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. For further study, we investigated the regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In conclusion, FAD may exert anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators via regulations of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, these findings suggest that FAD is a potential resource as a preventative or therapeutic agent for inflammation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.287-301
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• 2008

In order to develop a new depigmenting agent, extracts were obtained from 60 native plants and their antimelanogenic activities were screened by evaluating the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase which is a major enzyme responsibles for the melanin synthesis. The extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii fruits, Phyllostachys bambusoides inner films (BIF), Clerodendrum trichotomum leaves, and Acer okamotoanum leaves showed relatively high inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and their $IC_{50}$ values were $50{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$. The extract of BIF inhibited melanin synthesis of B16F10 melanoma cells by 52%, which was the highest among those of various extracts. Furthermore, the effect of BIF extract is 10% higher than that of arbutin (42%), a popular depigmenting agent in Korea. Ten compounds having antimelanogenic activity were isolated from the BIF extract by solvent extraction and chromatography. These compounds were identified as phenolic derivatives: SM701, SM702, SM703, and BPR211 were hydroquinone derivatives; SM707 a gallic acid derivative; SM704, SM705, SM706, SM708 and SM709 ferulic acid derivatives. The free radical scavenging activities of these compounds were measured and compared to those of hydroquinone and vitamin C. The $SC_{50}$ values scavenging 50% DPPH of SM702 and SM709 were $60{\sim}70{\mu}M$ similar to that of hydroquinone and those of SM701 and SM708 were $30{\sim}40{\mu}M$ slightly lower than that of vitamin C. These results suggest the presence of components having high antioxidant activity in the BIF extract. The SM709, identified as 1,2-O-diferulylglycerol, inhibited the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa oxidase by 18 and 60%, respectively. The SM709 also inhibited the melanin synthesis of B16F10 melanoma cells by 62% and this was the highest antimelanogenic activity among those obtained from the various purified compounds. Therefore, antimelanogenic activity of the BIF extract was concluded to be due to both inhibition of DOPA oxidase and antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2023

Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been used as an ornamental in ponds and aquariums, and as a folk remedy for inflammation and pus. Nevertheless, the biological activity and underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects are unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (EMS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Antioxidant activity of EMS was assessed by radical-scavenging effects on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. As inflammatory response parameters produced by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were quantified to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of EMS. Our results showed that EMS increased FRAP and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In EMS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, the production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly inhibited at the non-cytotoxic concentration. In addition, EMS significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/myeloid differentiation protein (MyD) 88 signaling pathway, and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB). Positive correlations were noted between anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it was indicated that EMS suppresses the transcription of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby suppressing LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study highlights the potential role of EMS against inflammation and associated diseases.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.421-424
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• 2005

The leaf of Petasites japonicus was extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH and solvent fractionated with EtOAc, n-BuOH and water successively. From the EtOAc fractions, two triterpenoids were isolated through the repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatographies. The chemical structures of the isolated terpenoids were determined as rosamutin (1) and peduncloside (2) through the interpretation of several spectral data including 2D-NMR such as $^1H-{^1H}$ gCOSY, gHSQC and gHMBC.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.826-832
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• 2015

This study describes the effects of activated charcoal on the removal of salts, detergents, and pigments from protein extracts of ginseng leaves and roots. Incubation of protein extracts with 5% (w/v) activated charcoal (100-400 mesh) for 30 min at 4℃ almost removed the salts and detergents including NP-40 as can be observed on SDS-PAGE. In addition, analysis of chlorophyll content showed significant depletion of chlorophyll (~33%) after activated charcoal treatment, suggesting potential effect of activated charcoal on removal of pigments too along with the salts and detergents. 2-DE analysis of activated charcoal treated protein samples showed better resolution of proteins, further indicating the efficacy of activated charcoal in clearing of protein samples. In case of root proteins, although not major differences were observed on SDS-PAGE, 2-DE gels showed better resolution of spots after charcoal treatment. In addition, both Hierarchical clustering (HCL) and Principle component analysis (PCA) clearly separated acetone sample from rest of the samples. Phenol and AC-phenol samples almost overlapped each other suggesting no major differences between these samples. Overall, these results showed that activated charcoal can be used in a simple manner to remove the salts, detergents and pigments from the protein extracts of various plant tissues.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2011

Stilbenes are polyphenolic natural products, which have antioxidative and antifungal activities. In some plants, including grapevine, the stilbene compounds, as resveratrol derivatives, exist in very diverse forms. Experiments to identify the individual stilbene compounds were carried out first to quantify them in UV-irradiated grapevine leaves. For this, stilbene glycosides were extracted from grapevine leaves which irradiated intensively with UV light. The glycoside samples were hydrolyzed by ${\beta}$-glucosidase, before analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometer at each m/z corresponding to the mass of specific stilbenes. As results, in chromatograms, the enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in decrease and increase of the peaks expected for glycosides and aglycones, respectively. The samples were also exposed to sunlight in order to photo-isomerize the stilbene compounds. The light exposure resulted in disappearance and appearance of peaks expected for trans- and cis-isomers of stilbenes, respectively. Such a change of the peaks in chromatograms provided information needed for the inference to peak components. In this way, it was possible to identify 16 kinds of stilbene compounds from grapevine leaves. The identified stilbenes were quantified from grapevine leaves irradiated mildly by UV light. The UV-irradiation increased markedly in the content of stilbene compounds, especially trans-resveratrol by several hundredfold. In addition, piceatannol, which is a mere minor component of stilbenes in control leaves and a more active radical scavenger than resveratrol, was also increased by several tenfold by the treatment. The increase in stilbene contents as influenced by UV irradiation seems to be one of the stress coping responses of grapevine as a hormesis phenomenon.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2005

The MeOH extracts obtained from whole plant of Trigonotis peduncularis Benth. were solvent fractionated using EtOAc, n-BuOH and water, successively. The EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions gave four flavonol glycosides through application of silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatographies. The chemical structures of the flavonol glycosides were determined by the interpretation of several spectral data including 2D-NMR as $kaempferol-3-O-{\beta}-{D}-glucopyranoside\;(astragalin,\;1),\;kaempferol-3-O-{\alpha}-{L}-rhamnopyranosyl\;(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-{D}-glucopyranoside\;(nicotiflorin,\;2),\;quercetin-3-O-{\alpha}-{L}-rhamnopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-{D}-glucopyranoside\;(rutin,\;3),\;quercetin-3-O-{\beta}-{D}-glucopyranoside\;(isoquercitrin,\;4)$. The flavonoids have been first isolated from this plant. Nicotiflorin $(100\;{\mu}g/ml)$ showed $68.3{\pm}1.2%$ of the inhibitory effect on hACAT1(human Acyl CoA: cholesterol transferase 1) activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2018

Bioconversion and fermentation of onion extract by lactic acid bacteria were carried out to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin through the increase of quercetin recovery and aglycone formation. Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and Kluyveromyces lactis were selected as the optimum strains for bioconversion. The environmental conditions to maximize the conversion ratio between glycoconjugate and quercetin aglycone have been evaluated. The concentrations of quercetin after fermentation of onion slurry by K. lactis and L. casei increased to 260% and 318%, respectively; however, the quercetin concentrations decreased after 48 hours of fermentation. Additionally, the quercetin hexose concentration increased to almost 141%. Controlling the initial pH of the onion juice increased the lactic acid production by L. casei and L. plantarum by more than two-fold. Meanwhile, the concentration of quercetin hexose decreased rapidly with the increased production of aglycones. The scale-up experiments showed the same fermentation efficiency; however, thermal sterilization reduced the quercetin glycone concentrations drastically.