• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2009

Tenacibaculum maritimum (formerly Flexibacter maritimus) is the aetiological agent of an ulcerative and necrotic disease commonly called tenacibaculosis in marine fish. Tenacibaculosis is an economically important disease in a great variety species in Jeju Island cultured fish and leading to this pathogen initially affected by skin, mouth, fins, tail causing severe necrotic and ulcerative lesions on the body surface. In the present study, A-7 strain was isolated from Paralichthys olivaceus showing symptoms of tenacibaculosis and identified as T. maritimum by morphological, biochemical and molecular biological analysis. T. maritimum A-7 is experimentally infected through immersion route in Paralichthys olivaceus which the disease outbreaks in land-based fish tanks of Jeju Island. Up to data a number of treatments proposed for the tenacibaculosis outbreaks are based on the immersion administration of drugs in tank. Oxytetracycline is the most widely used disinfectants in fish farms. However, most of fish farms manager and consumers have expressed concern as bioaccumulation in tissue and its environmental. In addition, this antimicrobial compounds is expensive in fish farmers. The overcome of this problem is desired the application of natural plant derived products. To obtain as 70% EtOH extract antimicrobial compounds against tenacibaculosis from 35 species of Jeju Island native plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against T. maritimum. In the present study were identified most of the plant extracts were better antimicrobial activity against T. maritimum.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2006

This research was performed to determine the production of lovastatin and its HMG-CoA reductase activity produced by fruit bodies and mycelial liquid cultures of domestic edible mushrooms (8 fungal strains). By deter-mining TLC analysis for the confirmation of the presence of lovastatin, all the extracts from fruit bodies and mycelial liquid culture showed same Rf value (0.46), whick was identical to that of the standard lovastatin. In order to extract lovastatin from fruit body, the mixture of water/acetonitrile/methanol was chosen as the most effective solvent. Extracts from fruit body and mycelial liquid culture of pleurotus ostreatus produced the high-est lovastatin 0.98 mg/g based on dry biomass, and 21.90 mg/L, respectively. In the inhibition rate of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, the highest was obtained in P. ostreatus as 67.8% among fruit bodies, and the rates of mycelial liquid culture extracts from P. ostreatus and Laetiporus sulphureus were 37.2% and 29.1%, respectively. Unusually L. sulphureus showed high inhibition rate with low content of lovastatin due to the contribution of campesterol and gamma-sitosterol with hypocholesterolemic activity as metabolites.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2020

염증 (Inflammation)은 병원체, 손상된 세포, 자극물질 등으로 인한 손상에 대해 작용하여 조직이나 장기의 손상을 재생하는 작용으로써 신체 방어 기전들 가운데 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 염증반응이 과다할 경우 각종 염증성 질환 혹은 암 등을 유발하는 원인으로 발전할 수 있어 항염증제의 개발은 전 세계적으로 중요시되고 있다. 선천적 면역을 담당하는 대식세포는 lipopolysaccharide(LPS), 활성산소 (ROS) 등에 의해 자극되어 염증인자 생성에 관여한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 항염증 소재 개발을 목표로 하며, 국내 천연소재를 활용한 기능성 항염증 소재로 전북 순창군에서 재배된 초석잠(Stachys Sieboldii MIQ.)과 돼지감자 (Helianthus tuberosus L.)를 이용하여 항산화 활성을 평가하고자 하였으며, 대식세포주를 활용한 세포독성 및 항염증 활성에 대한 효능을 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구는, 전북 순창 지역에서 재배 된 초석잠과 돼지감자를 사용하여 각 조건의 추출 용매, 온도, 시간별 추출물의 Total polyphenol 함량 평가를 통한 최적 추출조건 선정을 진행하고, 선정된 추출조건의 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정하기 위해 DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activity 분석 및 Total flavonoids 함량 분석을 통해 항산화 효능 평가를 진행하였다. 또한 항염증 소재로의 활용을 위해 대식세포인 Raw 264.7을 사용하여 농도별 MTT assay를 진행하여 세포독성 평가를 진행하였고, Nitric oxide (NO) 생성억제 효능을 확인하여 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 실험 결과, Total polyphenol 함량 분석을 통해 최적 추출조건이 선정된 초석잠 (25℃, 주정 60%, 3 h), 돼지감자 (25℃, 주정 40%, 1 h)은 최적 조건에서 약 58 mg GAE/g 및 158 mg GAE/g의 총 폴리페놀 함량을 보였으며, DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activity 및 Total flavonoids 함량 분석한 결과, 초석잠이 돼지감자보다 더 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 대식세포 실험에서의 추출물 처리군의 세포독성 측정 결과, 100 ug/mL 이내의 농도에서 독성활성이 나타나지 않음을 확인하였고, Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제활성 측정을 통해 LPS 처리군 대비 접종량 100 ug/mL 기준 각각 초석잠 약 47%, 돼지감자 약 49% 수준의 항염증 활성을 확인하였다.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2010

Pepper mild mosaic virus(PMMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are important pathogens in various vegetable crops worldwide. We have found that hot water extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium strongly inhibit PMMoV and CMV infection. Based on these results, the inhibitor named as 'PLM-WE1' formulated from extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium was tested for its inhibitory effects on PMMoV and CMV infection to each local lesion host plant (Nicotiana glutinosa: PMMoV, Chenopodium amaranticolor: CMV). Pretreatment effect of PLM-WE1 against infections of each virus (PMMoV and CMV) to local host plant was measured to be 99.2% to PMMoV and 80.3% to CMV, and its permeability effect was measured to be 45.0% to PMMoV and 41.9% to CMV. Duration of inhibitory activity of PLM-WE1 against PMMoV infection on N. glutinosa was maintained for 3 days at 75% inhibition level and CMV infection on C. amaranticolor maintained for 3 days at 62% inhibition level. Inhibitory effects on systemic host plants of PLM-WE1 were measured to be 75~85% to PMMoV and 75% to CMV. Under electron microscope, PMMoV particles were not denatured or aggregated by mixing PLM-WE1. It is suggested that the mode of action of PLM-WE1 differ from that of inactivation due to the aggregation of viruses. The methanol extract of P. linteus mycelium was sequentially partitioned with haxane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and $H_2O$. The $H_2O$ fraction was showed high activity than the other fractions. The active compound was isolated with a partial acid hydrolysis, fractional precipitation with ethanol. The inhibitory effect of the precipitate isolated from 70% ethanol fraction was 99.1% to PMMoV and 88.0% to CMV. The structure of isolated compound was determined by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. This compound was identified as a polysaccharide consisting alpha or beta-glucan.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.640-646
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• 2006

The present investigation was carried out particularly to optimize the extraction process of Poncirus trifoliata and Prunus mume to develop a functional foodstuff having antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The extracts were prepared from the fruits under various conditions, and then optimum extraction conditions were decided in case maximal antibacterial activity was obtained. In extraction process by using hot water, the best antibacterial activity of Poncirus trifoliata was achieved at $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, while that of Prunus mume was achieved at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, as showing 14.8 and 16.6 mm of inhibition diameter, respectively. The extraction process with addition of NaOH increased the activity of Prunus mume, but addition of $K_2CO_3$ and $NaHCO_3$ drastically decreased the activity. In the processes at high temperature up to $120^{\circ}C$ by using pressure extractor and with various concentrations of NaOH, the maximum activity was observed in the extract of Prunus mume at $120^{\circ}C$ for 30 min with 0.05 N NaOH. The fermented ethanol extract of the fruits showed less activity than those of the extracts with water and NaOH solution.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.186-193
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• 2005

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of different natural mordants and mordanting methods on the dyeing degree of silk using extracts from Coreopsis drummondii. Surface colors were shown as an order of descent Y in control, and an order of descent Y and YR treated by mordants. Extracts from Coreopsis drummondii was sufficient for the natural dyestuffs. $10\%,\;20\%\;and\;30\%$ mordants made from lime-juice of Camellia japonica, oyster shells. and Symplocos chinensis (Lour) Druce for. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi were used for the dyeing of silk. Surface color of silk was not affected by the concentration of mordants and mordanting methods, however, $20\%$ mordant was suitable for the dye coloring. It was shown that dye coloring concentrations were highly in the order of mordanting later > mordanting ahead > co-mordanting, and so on. Silks were naturally dyed by the extracts from Coreopsis drummondii, and twenty-nine kinds of natural mordants were treated and screened. Surface color of silk was shown as an order of descent YR treated by the mordants made from the lime-juice of Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica, and as an order of descent Y by the other mordants. By the treatment of natural mordants, concentrations of dye coloring were significantly increased compared with control (none-mordanting), and the potentials as a natural mordant for the effective dye coloring was sufficiently ascertained.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.17-22
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• 2002

지구상에는 수천종의 버섯류가 자생하고 있어 유전자원으로서의 중요성이 지대할 뿐만 아니라 기능성 식품소재 및 각종 약리 활성을 나타내는 신약개발 소재로도 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 이들 버섯은 균사체의 영양대사로 얻어지는 대사산물이 축적된 자실체의 형태로 나타나는데, 최근에 와서 자실체 및 균사체의 추출물이나 균사체 배양물이 체질개선이나 각종 병의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀져 건강식품이나 의약품으로서의 용도가 크게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 담자균이 생산하는 특정 구조를 갖는 다당류는 오래전부터 종래의 화학요법제와는 달리 숙주내의 면역 기능을 부활하여 소위 면역요법제로서의 항암효과를 나타냄이 알려져왔었다. 현재까지 제약 및 의학적인 방법이 질병의 주된 치료방법으로 이용되어 왔지만 최근에 특정식품의 섭취가 만성질환의 발생을 억제 또는 지연시킨다는 연구 보고가 나오면서부터 만성질환의 치료방법으로서 식이요법을 중요하게 생각하게 되었다. 따라서 새로운 식품소재 및 가공식품의 개발을 통한 성인병 등의 각종 질병예방이 국민보건문제 해결에 필수적이다. 현재 일본 등에서는 표고버섯, 구름버섯 및 치마버섯 유래의 다당체 또는 단백다당체인 lentinan, krestin 또는 PS-K, schizophyllan 및 PSP 등이 실용화되어 높은 가격에 판매되고 있다. 국내에서도 야생 구름버섯 자실체로부터 추출한 단백 다당체인 Copolang(광동제약)이 개발되어 PS-K와 유사하게 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있고, 또 강력한 항암활성이 보고된 상황버섯의 균사체 추출물인 단백 다당체가 Mesima-Ex FK(한국신약)라는 상품명으로 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 담자균류와 아울러 미생물 유래 다당체는 그 구조와 특성에 있어서 매우 다양함을 지니고 있다. 이러한 미생물 유래 다당류의 공업적 생산과 이용에 대한 연구로서는 Leuconostoc mesenteroides가 생산하는 dextran이 혈장증량제로 개발된 이래 Xanthomonas campestris가 생산하는 pullulan, Zoogloea rgmigera가 생산하는zooglan둥이 대표적인 예로 보고되고 있다. 한편, 미생물 유래 다당류는 구성당, 분자량, 화학적 구조 등과 같은 특성의 차이에 의해 많은 종류가 존재하고 있으며, 다양한 물성 및 유화제, 응고제, gel 형성제, 필름 형성제, 흡착제, 안정제, 접착제 등과 같은 용도로 광범위하게 이용되고 있다. 또한 근래에 들어서는 미생물 유래 다당체가 지니는 항암활성이 확인되어 새로운 의약품으로서의 개발 가능성이 기대된다. 그 밖에도 기존에 알려져 있는 식물 및 해조류 유래의 다당체와는 달리, 발효조를 이용한 연속배양에 의해 공업적 대량 생산이 가능하며, 더욱이 생산된 다당체의 분리 및 회수가 용이하다는 이점을 지니고 있다. 최근에 들어서는 유전공학적 기법을이용한 고생산성 변이균주 및 새로운 기능을 지닌 다당체의 개발에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있는 등 고부가가치를 지닌 새로운 바이오 소재로서의 기능 및 용도 개발에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 여러 가지 담자균류중 Agaricus blazei로부터 생산되는 다당체는 고형암 이외에 S형 결장암, 난소암, 유방암, 폐암, 간암 등에 효과가 입증되었고, 천연물질에 의한 암 면역요법으로 각광을 받고 있으며, 항암 및 항virus의 완치율과 저지율에서 현재 여러가지 약효가 있는 버섯중에서도 탁원한 효과가 있는 것으로 증명되고 있다. 이들 다당체는 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 T임파구와 B임파구의 항원 특이적인 면역반응을 활성화시키고, 세포장해성 T세포와 활성화 대식세포의 세포장해 기능을 충진시켜서 암세포를 파괴시킨다. 또한 콜로니 자극인자인 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 면역담당세포의 신생을 촉진시키기도 하며, 암의 화학요법과 방사선 요법으로 저하된 백혈구를 회복시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 최근의 연구동향은 생산된 다당체의 항암활성을 향상시키고자 하여 배양기간중에 interleukin을 의도적으로 첨가하는 경향이 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 담자균체 유래 다당체는 버섯의 기원에 따라 그 형태에 약간의 차이를 나타내기는 하나 그 기본 형태는 ${\beta}-(1,6)-glucosyl$ 분지를 가진 ${\beta}-(1,3)-glucan$이며, 평균 분자량은 50 ${\sim}$ 200만 정도이다. Agaricus blazei의 원산지인 브라질의 피에다데(Piedade) 지방의 환경조건(산지의 습도는 80%, 낮 기온 $35^{\circ)C$, 밤 기온 $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$로 대단히 높으며, 정기적으로 열대지방 특유의 소나기가 내리는 지역)에서 볼 수 있듯이 Agaricus blazei의 성장 환경은 매우 까다로운 편이며, 날것으로는 보관이 잘 안되기 때문에 그 재배에 큰 어려움이 있다. 또한, 고체배양에 의해 생산된 버섯 자실체로부터 유기용매 및 열수추출 방법으로 다당체를 생산하는 방법은 균일한 형태의 버섯 자실체를 공급받기가 어렵기 때문에 다당체의 생산 수율이 낮고, 많은 노동력이 요구되는 어려움이 있다. 그러나 액체배양에 의한 다당체 생산의 경우는 고체배양에 의한 다당체 생산에 비해 일정한 조건하에서 배양이 가능하다는 장점이 있으며, 항상 균일한 균사체 및 배양액을 얻을 수 있다. 따라서 원하는 유용물질을 쉽게 획득할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.774-783
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• 2001

The ethanol extract of 77 species of edible and medicinal plants were examined antimicrobial activity against 5 strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, ATCC 19112, ATCC 19113, ATCC 19114 and ATCC 15313 by optical density using Bioscreen C. The ethanol extract of Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino, Jeffersonia dubia Benth, Aquilaria agallocha Roxburgh, Lysimachia clethroides Duby and Nardostachys chinensis Batal. exhibited comparatively strong growth inhibition effect on 5 strains of L. monocytogenes at 1000 ppm level in broth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of Lysimachia clethroides Duby was $100{\sim}500\;ppm$ on 5 strains of L. monocytogenes. The MIC of the n-hexane and chloroform fraction of the extract were same concentration as $50{\sim}100\;ppm$. The n-hexane fraction of Lysimachia clethroides Duby showed strong growth inhibition at 25 ppm on Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 72 hr at $30^{\circ}C$ and at 50 ppm on Bacillus cereus and at 500 ppm on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 2014

Amur silver grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) were selected for RDX removal experiments in hydroponic culture conditions based on vegetation survey at three shooting ranges in northern Kyunggi province. Seedling of two plants were grown in 1/4 strength Hoagland solution in quadruplicates containing 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L RDX for 15 days along with control and blank treatments. During the 15 days of incubation, pH and RDX concentration in medium were routinely analyzed and RDX contents in the shoot and the root were determined after solvent extraction at the end of the experiments. Both plant species showed no symptoms of RDX phyto-toxicity. The pseudo first order RDX-removal constants for amur silver grass and reed canary grass were in the range of $0.0143{\sim}0.0484day^{-1}$ and $0.0971{\sim}0.1853^{-1}$, respectively. Plant biomass normalized RDX removal rates, which decreased with the increase of initial RDX concentration, were in the range of $0.27{\sim}1.01mL{\cdot}g^{-1}day^{-1}$ and $0.87{\sim}1.66mL{\cdot}g^{-1}day^{-1}$ for amur silver grass and reed canary grass, respectively. After 15 days of treatment, RDX removal from the medium decreased from 49.0% to 23.7% with increase in the initial RDX concentration in amur silver grass and 7.3% of the initial RDX remained in the plant. In reed canary grass planted medium, less than 16.8% and 5% of the initial RDX remained in the medium and in the plant, respectively. Large quantities of unidentified polar compound, which was not detected in amur silver grass, accumulated in the root and shoot of reed silver grass.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.917-922
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• 2018

Centella asiatica is one of the local herbs that is claimed to possess various physiological effects. C. asiatica also accumulates large amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins known as centelloids. These terpenoids usually include asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassoside, and madecassic acids. In the present study, to understand the changes of triterpene glycoside levels in the different shoot tissues of C. asiatica during seasonal cultivation, we investigated the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis via different extraction methods, such as water, 20% ethanol and methanol extracts. Significant increases were observed in the levels of madecassoside and asiaticoside in the leaf extracts by methanol compare with extracts using water or 20% ethanol. Additionally, we also analyzed the various antioxidant activity in the different shoot tissues of C. asiatica using different extracts, such as leaves, petioles and both materials. Among these petiole extracts showed high 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTs) scavenging activity in all extracts, whereas 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity exhibited high activity levels in the leaf part using methanol and ethanol extracts. Levels of total phenolics and flavonoid also showed the highest levels in the leaf tissues using all extracts such as methanol, ethanol and water. Our results indicated that the increased levels of triterpene glycoside and antioxidant activity in the leaf parts of the C. asiatica were indicating that useful metabolites were mainly maintained through seasonal cultivation such as madecassoside, asiaticoside.