• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.217-226
• /
• 2008

The term, travel-time reliability, refers to variations in journey time that travelers cannot predict. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a standard way to measure travel time reliability. A modified buffer time indicator is proposed. The index is represented by the difference between planned and actual travel times based on lognormal type travel time distribution. Using this framework, a constant function for railways and a negative parabola function for roads are discussed. The model developed is applied to the real data of Korean road and rail usages to empirically verify the methodology proposed. In this process, the unit value of travel time reliability for each group is estimated. The result of this research is expected to be helpful of conducting more cautious economic feasibility studies of transport.

• Korean Journal of Logic
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.113-141
• /
• 2017

The standard definition of an instantaneous temporal part cannot properly deal with cases involving time travel. This paper provides a new definition of an instantaneous temporal part by appealing to David Lewis's distinction between external time and personal time. The new definition avoids the problems because it does not allow more than one instantaneous temporal part of an object at each moment of its personal time. We argue that this new definition, combined with our new perdurantist semantic thesis, deals with cases of time travel successfully.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.462-472
• /
• 1999

능동적 시간지원 데이터베이스 시스템은 시간지원 데이터베이스 시스템에 능동규칙 시스템을 통합하여 구성한 진보된 데이터베이스 시스템이다. 이 시스템은 추세 분석, 상태 관찰을 통한 경보,고장에 대한 예측, 금융 시스템 및 공정 제어 등과같은 고도의 응용에 효과적으로 대응할수 있다. 그러나 능동적 시간지원 데이터베이스 시스템은 시간 차원을 갖는 다차원 데이터공간에 대해 처리해야 하므로 그 처리비용이 매우 높으며, 규칙 처리에 의한 시스템 부하가 매우 증가할 수 있다. 따라서 효과적 규칙 처리방법에 대한 연구가 수행되어야 한다. 한편 규칙의 성능에 대한 문제는 일반적으로 조건 평가 방법의 효율성에 달려있다. 특히 데이터의 시간차원을 고려한 시간지원 능동규칙의 경우 시간 영역에 따라 규칙에 의해 처리되어야 할 데이터 량의 증가하고 이에 다라 성능의 차이가 많이 나므로 더욱 문제가 된다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 능동적 시간지원 데이터베이스 시스템을 위한 시간지원 능동규칙의 성능향상을 위해 조건 평가를 검토하고 시간지원 차분에 의한 시간지원 점진적 평가연산을 제시하였다. 아울러 이 시간지원 점진적 연산자를 적용한 조건 평가 예를 보이고 이 연산자의 효율성을 증명하였다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
• /
• 2004.10d
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 2004

본 논문에서는 질의-응답 시스템의 질의에서 많이 나타나는 시간 표현을 인식하고, 인식한 시간 표현에 대해서 정규화 하는 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 사용하는 질의-응답 시스템의 도메인은 TV방송 스케줄, 날씨 정보이며, 이러한 도메인에서는 시간 표현이 매우 빈번하게 사용되기 때문에 질의에 나타나는 시간 표현을 정확하게 인식해서 정규화 하는 것이 중요하다. 제안하는 방법은 시간 표현을 의미와 기능에 따라 분류하고 각 유형마다 적절한 인식 및 정규화 기법을 사용한다. 질의에서 시간 표현은 시간 개체명 태거. 품사 태거, 시간 파서를 사용하여 인식하고, 시간 추론기와 시간 표현 사전을 이용하여 정규화 한다. TV방송 스케줄과 날씨 정보 도메인의 280개 질의에서 184개의 시간표현을 이용하여 평가한 결과, 시간 표현의 인식과 정규화는 각각 93%와 96%의 정확률, 97%와 93%의 재현율을 보였다.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2017

This paper presents an investigation into time in games. Many researchers have studied time in games including Jesper Juul (2004), arranging time in games according to the criterion of the concept of time in reality. Most of this research distinguishes internal time from external time in games. The present study, thus, examined internal time in games from the viewpoint of the observer, believing that the most important element of the game was gameness or play and further experience rather than the relationship between reality and games. Thus, the investigator classified internal time in games into "oriented time" and "non-oriented time" and examined the operations of those time classifications in the gamers' experiences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
• /
• 2020.07a
• /
• pp.41-44
• /
• 2020

최근 허가형 블록체인 기반 프로젝트가 늘어남에 따라, 블록체인 솔루션과 여러 응용 프로그램을 개발하기 위한 플랫폼인 하이퍼레저 패브릭을 도입하는 회사들이 많아지고 있다. 그러나 하이퍼레저 패브릭 네트워크 구성 시, 각 구성요소의 네트워크 지연 시간을 고려하지 않고 네트워크를 구성하면 트랜잭션 보증 시간이 늘어날 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 하이퍼레저 패브릭 네트워크에서 각 구성요소 간 네트워크 지연 시간 차이를 고려하여 트랜잭션 보증 시간을 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. 라우팅 테이블을 수정하여 네트워크 지연 시간 차이를 발생시켰고, 지연 시간과 트랜잭션 보증 시 걸리는 시간을 합산하여 트랜잭션 보증 시간을 측정하였다. 실험을 통해, 기존 방법의 트랜잭션 보증 시간보다 제안한 방법의 트랜잭션 보증 시간이 약 1/3 정도 감소하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.99-125
• /
• 2008

This article aimed to clear that the systematic bias according to the length of work time exists between estimated work time by self-reported questions used mainly in measuring and calculating the length of work time because of strong points of easy in measuring and so on and diary work time by time-diary method used because of the strong point that can measure more accurate lifetime by recording various activities of respondents during 24 hours in the stream. As the result that analyze the data from Lifetime Use Survey in 2004, the result like the contradiction came that the tendency of overstating work time is rising according as estimated work time increases via estimated work time, whereas the tendency of understating work time is rising according as diary work time increases via diary work time. The reason that the opposite results come despite the data from the same survey is that random errors act in the opposite directions by regression to the mean. Therefore, we cannot emphasize that a man working long hours tends to exaggerate his work hours by the result via estimated work time. That is, the fact that the systematic bias by the increase of work time does not exist is confirmed, and therefore, it is also impossible to raise questions about the accuracy of the data through estimated work time by self-reported questions from the evidence of the existence of that bias.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this research is to study comparatively what the effects will be to the sensory characteristics and texture of Yackwa when the soaking time in syrup varies from 5 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours and 12 hours. Evaluation was conducted through sensory evaluation and instrumental test by Instron. In results obtained were as follows. 1. In sensory evaluation, color of Yackwas by 1 hour or 2 hours soaking in syrup were better than other sample. Shape of Yackwas by 2 hours or 3 hours soaking in syrup were better than other sample. As the soaking time increased softness of Yackwa tended to increase. Otherwise as the soaking time decreased, fracturability tended to be good. In taste, Yackwa by 1 hour soaking in syrup was the best. 2. Instron measurement indicated that Hardness, Springiness and Chewiness tended to decrease as the soaking time in syrup increased. But Cohesiveness did rot have much effect the soaking time in syrup. 3. Softness and Fracturability of Yackwa had significant relationship with Hardness ana Springiness. Therefore Hardness and Springiness represented the texture of Yackwa. In view of the above results, it came to the conclusion that Yackwa by soaking time in syrup for 1 hour or 2 hours could give the best results among the groups studied.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.51-83
• /
• 2018

This study examines whether the widening gap between income groups is worsening in the distribution of time use, similar to the worsening of income distribution after the IMF. To do this, we conducted multilevel analysis (HLM) on six countries including France, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States and Korea. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, in all countries, low income groups have a longer paid working time and shorter leisure time. Second, the low income groups in Korea have the longest paid work time and the shortest leisure time, the lowest level of work-leisure balance, and this aspect has not recovered since the IMF. Third, as the result of multilevel analysis, the lower the household income, the more time paid labor increased and the work-leisure balance decreased. Fourth, while average annual working hours increase paid working time, the expansion of family policy expenditure, redistribution policy and income maintenance policy has reduced it. Fifth, the annual average working hours decreased the work-leisure balance, but the family policy expenditure, the redistribution policy and the income guarantee policy increased the work-leisure balance. The significance of this study is that after the IMF, not only the income distribution but also the inequality among the income class in time use has deepened. Based on the results of the research this study suggests the reinforcement of labor time regulation, the activation of parental leave system, the realization of the income replacement rate, the expansion of the policy related to income redistribution, and the complementary development of the income guarantee and the time guarantee policy as the policy intervention strategy that restructures time.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.37-70
• /
• 2011

The 40-hour work week system has brought positive impact on shortening working hours, eliminating long-time work, increasing leisure-time with family, etc. And this has brought about an increase in leisure-life satisfaction and happiness level. The type of leisure activities has changed from passive activities such as rest to active activities such as sports, tourism. And the 40-hour work week system has positive impact on social activities such as participation in volunteer work and, club activities. Thus all efforts need to be made to establish 40-hour work week system as soon as possible in all workplace. Firstly, 40-hour work week system needs to be introduced to every workplace with less than 5 persons, enlarge 5-day school week system into every primary and secondary school, and create conditions for positive leisure activities. Secondly, labor standards supervision and administration needs to be strengthened to eliminate long-time work over 52 hours per week, below-minimum wage work.