• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2019

The Gonggeomji Reservoir is a historical irrigation facility built in the 8th century and designated as a wetland protected area by Ministry of Environment, Korea. In order to collect the baseline data necessary for developing a sustainable conservation strategy, we investigated the classification of actual vegetation, the vegetation distribution and the floristic structure of the vegetation in the Gonggeomji Wetland Protection Area. In the whole protection area, a total of 26 plant communities were classified including the wetland, riparian, grassland, forest, farmland, and orchard vegetation. According to the results of detrended correspondence analysis, the structure of wetland vegetation was mainly affected by water depth and human disturbance. In reservoir wetlands, floating vegetation such as Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica, Trapa japonica, and emergent vegetation such as Nelumbo nucifera, Typha spp. completely covered the water surface. Since 2014, the reservoir wetland has been terrestrialized with the expansion of emergent and hygrophytic plants. For the sustainable conservation and restoration of wetland protected areas, it is necessary to naturalize the topography and wetland vegetation, recovery the hydrologic system, and restore ecosystem connectivity from wetlands to forests.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.370-382
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• 2011

We investigated the area around four moors from May 2009 to June 2010 for plant diversity in Moojechineup, officially designated as the Ramsar wetland. The vascular plants of Moojechineup at Mt. Jeongjok were recorded as total 149 taxa, 55 families, 105 genera, 128 species, 1 subspecies, 16 varieties, and 4 forms. Rare plants were observed 7 taxa (Eriophorum gracile Koch, Drosera rotundifolia L., Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Kobresia bellardii (All.) Degl, Utricularia bifida L., Utricularia racemosa Wall., Utricularia yakusimensis Masam.). Korean endemic plants were 1 taxon, floristics special plants were 19 taxa, and naturalized plants were 3 taxa. Phytogeographical and evolutionarily, Eriophorum gracile is an important species; hence, further studies are needed to conserve it. Moojechineup is similar to the Shinbulsan wetland in terms of wetland plants (hydrophytes). Moojechineup's flora changes are in process slowly compared to earlier work; thus, continuing interest and appropriate measures should be encouraged.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.911-922
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• 2012

This study aim that definite the relationship between coastal environment and different sand bar communities, as well as to analyze their spatial distribution of barrier island in the Nakdong river estuary. Survey method follow by Braun-Blanquet(1965) and there a total of 118 relev$\acute{e}$'s were undertaken. Definition of the relationships between species and environmental variables with Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCoA) and that to applied these relev$\acute{e}$'s with the RIM(Kim and Kim, 2006) program and that to classification used the SYN-TAX 2000 program(Podani 1979). On the basis of about 118 phytosociological releve's, the vegetation of xeric and hydric type was arranged in twelve plant communities: Xeric type-Pinus thunbergii community,Vitex rotundifolia community, Carex pumila community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community and Calystegia soldanella community, Hydric type-Salix dependens-Calamagrostis epigeios community, Calamagrostis epigeios-Phragmites communis community, Phragmites communis-Ischaemum aristatum community, Phragmites communis community, Scirpus planiculmis community and Suaeda glauca-S. japonica community.These plant communities represents sand dune vegetation and salt marsh vegetation. Widely distributing types in the actual vegetation map were sea club-rush community, reed community in salt marsh, and dry grassland. The edge in the coastal sand bars has zonation that almost distribution by the reed community in salt marsh. But outside of it were distributed sea club-rush community. Dry grassland type distributes higher zone of the center in coastal sand bars. Respectively, the coastal sand dune and salt marsh vegetation types were distributed ocean and inland on the frontier of it.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2017

The flood pulse in streams enhances the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the channel-floodplain ecosystems by exchanging water, nutrients, sediments and organisms. However, the lateral connectivity in most streams of Korea has been disrupted by the levee constructions for the purpose of flood control and land use of floodplains. To compare the characteristics of floodplain vegetation according to existence of lateral connectivity in streams, we investigated the geomorphological and soil environmental factors and structures and distribution of vegetation in the floodplains connected and isolated by levee to the channel in Cheongmi Stream, Seom River, Hwangguji Stream, Mangyeong River, Gomakwon Stream, and Boseong River, Korea. In comparison of soil environments, moisture and clay contents were higher in the isolated floodplain than in the connected floodplain. According to the result of principal component analysis (PCA) using environmental data, the environments of the connected floodplain and the isolated floodplain were separated by soil moisture contents, soil texture and distribution altitude of the vegetation. The results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) using vegetation data showed that the isolated floodplain was dominated by the hydropythic communities of diverse life form and that the connected floodplain was dominated by the hygrophytic communities that endure disturbance. In conclusion, it is thought that the vegetation of the floodplain changed to the lentic wetland vegetation dominated by diverse hydrophytes as the floodplain was isolated from the channel by artificial levees.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide the basis information for ecological conservation and restoration of Jangdo wetland conservation area through the survey of vegetation diversity and spatial distribution characteristics. Syntaxonomic account of plant communities were carried out field survey by Z.-M. school method at 14 sites and relationship analysis between plant community and environment variables with Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). Based on the floristic composition, all the plots were classified into xeric and hydric type and arranged in seven plant communities. Spatial distribution of plant communities is determined primarily by the soil moisture condition and amount of organic matter. Hydric vegetation is around 8% ($7,337m^2$) of the protected area and distributed swamp forest of dominating willows under 18 years. Proliferation of willows are recognised extended from edge to centre after in 1990's caused by fallow and control of livestock grazing on wetland. Jangdo wetland will have to readjust the protection boundary because wet meadow zone and swamp forest have been distributed outside the protection area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of odonata communities as habitat types in Wonju City, Korea. The 33 plots were installed at 4 types of biotope like abandoned paddy fields, natural type reservoir, natural type river and forest valley in Wonju city. From the survey, the 9 family and 38 species were identified. As the result of comparative investigation of the species composition of each habitat through TWINSPAN analyzing, the difference of species composition was definite in abandoned paddy field, natural type reservoir and forest valley, however, it was uncertain in natural type river. The dominant species and the subdominant species of each habitat were mainly Sympetrum frequens and Sympetrum infuscatum but the distributions of Paracercion hieroglyphicum, Epophthalmia elegans, and Anax parthenope julius were different as haibtat types. The order of the index of species diversity was not different between abandoned paddy fiedls, natural type reservoir and natural type river, but forest valley was low. The abandoned paddy field was shown the most diverse spawning type of odonata, it is considered that hydrophyten play an important role in the abundant of odonata since the sorts of odonata spawning in plants are majority. As the result of analyzing interspecies relationship, Crocothemis servilia mariannae and Orthetrum albistylum, Crocothemis servilia mariannae-Platycnemis phyllopoda, Lyriothemis pachygastra-Sympetrum parvulum are shown the positive correlation, however, they have a difference in preferred habitat between high correlation species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2003

The wetland in the city could be mainly divided into the deep water type and the abandoned paddy type, so this study was conducted to analyze characteristics between the two types of the wetland. The former sample site was located near the Olympic village in Songpa-gu of Seoul, and the latter sample site was in front of the Mt. Bukhan fortress in Eunpyeong-gu of Seoul. The actual vegetation, vascular plants, and avian fauna were researched. In the actual vegetation, the deep water type had the broad surface of water and the emerged plant as Phragmites communis have grown widely, but the abandoned paddy type had the narrow sur-face of water and hydrophyte as Persicaria thunbergii have grown widely. It might be judged because the water depth of the abandoned paddy type were shallow wholly. And the floating-leaved plants and the free-floating planktonic plants were not observed such as Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta, Lemna paucicostata in the abandoned paddy type wetland. The wild birds were mainly observed at the edge of the wetland(at the edge of woodland) in the abandoned paddy type, but were observed equally in the deep water type. 28 families 433 species were observed at the former site and 32 families 365 species were observed at latter site. It was judged that the various topographical structure(habitat diversity) might make all items various.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2005

The flora and vegetation of Jang-cheok wetland (Gyeong-nam) was investigated from April 1. 2004 to Feburary 28. 2005. The vegetation plants collected from this area were 18 taxa : 18 species 17 genera 14 families. Hygrophtes were 2 species 2 genera 2 families. Emergent plants were 6 species 5 genera 6 families. Submersed plants were 1 species 1 genera 1 families. Floating-leaved plants were 5 species 5 genera 5 families. Free-floating plants were 2 species 3 genera 2 families. Dominance of life form was investigated Trapa japonica, Phragmites commnis, Leersia japonica by 5 dominance values and Hydrocharis dubia, Ceratophyllum dmersum were 1 dominance values. The community was investigated 5 communities : Leersia japonica community. Trapa japonica community. Nelumbo nucifera community. Miscanthus sacchariflorus community. Phragmites communis community. Dominance species(Leersia japonica) of Leersia japonica community was investigated $1,89g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $1,730ind./m^{2}$(Density). Doninance species(Trapa japonica) of Trapa japonica community was investigated $36,25g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $15.20ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Nelumbo nucifera) of Nelumbo nucifera community was investigated $30.59g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $11.20ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Miscanthus sacchariflorus) of Miscanthus sacchariflorus community was investigated $180.50g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $124.80ind./m^{2}$(Density). Dominance species(Phragmites communis) of Phragmites communis community was investigated $159.50g/m^{2}$(Dry weight) and $60.00ind./m^{2}$(Density). The predominant species of this area was investigated Trapa. Japonica and the other communities was only small area in the waterside area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2007

Excess runoff contaminated with N and P can impact the quality of downstream water. It has been known that aquatic plants improve the water quality through their intake of organic or inorganic nutrients. This study was conducted to select aquatic plants having high purification ability for nutrient N and P, and mineral nutrients related to EC such as K, Ca, Na, Cl, and $SO_4$ in raw sewage water in greenhouse. We assessed nutrient phytoremediation potential of alien hydrophyte and hydro-crop as well as native landscape hydrophyte to select suitable aquatic plant applied to artificial wetland and buffering site of stream-side. The amount of irrigation water during whole growing period of aquatic plane ranged from 225 L $m^{-2}$ to 444 L $m^{-2}$. Oryza sativa, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum disdichum var. indutum which had high biomass consumed the large amount of irrigation water over 350 L $m^{-2}$. As a result of analysis of water purification effect N and P content of shoot biomass, and media soil after experiment, Oryza sativa, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum distichum var. indutum showed high purification ability about eutrophication elements such as T-N and T-P. It is presented that Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, and Paspalum distichum var. indutum had excellent purification ability about K, Ca, Na, and Cl. Moreover, Paspalum distichum var. indutum greatly removed $SO_4$ in row sewage water.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 2016

Damyang riverine wetland was designated as a wetland protected area in 2004; that is located in the Yeongsan river mainstream. Total 30 phytosociological releves at field studies were classified with 22 vegetation types including of 101 species (unidentified 1 species). Legends of actual vegetation map were separated by 6 types; riparian forest, substitute vegetation, synanthropic vegetation, wet meadow vegetation, open water, an area of wetland vegetation is about 35 % ($386,841.86m^2$). Results of this study area as follows. The plant society of Damyang riverine wetland was conjectured that it was formed by rapidly water environment change with installed weir on the upstream of protected area and operating of Damyang dam on top of the basin. Until recently, the terrace land on the river was used to cultivate, but that would be formed fallow vegetation scenery on riverfront caused by no cultivation after designated protected area. Paspalum distichum var. indutum community designated as invasive alien plant by Korea Ministry of Environment was widely developed and Myriophyllum spicatumunrecorded in the country as newly alien species was discovered in the study zone. The plants as lapped over developing environment for Leersia japonica must be occupied habitat of native plant species having similar niche. The various plant society in Damyang riverine wetland should be developed because of environmental changes, disturbances and damages of stream.