• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2018

Mercury (Hg) poses a threat to marine ecosystem due to continuous inflow from various industries and bioaccumulation to higher trophic level via food web. Mercury can adversely affect growth, development, reproduction and metabolism to aquatic organisms. In the present study, acute toxicity and oxidative stress markers (total glutathione content, and activities of GST, GR and GPx) were investigated in brackish water flea Disphanosoma celebensis exposed to HgCl₂ for 24 h. As results, Hg showed negative effect in survival of D. celebensis. 24 h-LC₅₀ value was determined as 0.589 mg/l (95% C.I. 0.521~0.655 mg/l). After exposure to Hg (0.08 and 0.4 mg/l) for 24 h, total glutathione content was significantly decreased, whereas GST, GPx and GR activities were enhanced. These findings indicate that Hg induced oxidative stress in D. celebensis, and oxidative stress markers may be involved in cellular defense against Hg - mediated toxicity. This study provides a better understanding of molecular mode of action of Hg toxicity in this specie and potent of molecular markers for heavy metal monitoring in marine ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

A critical role of oxygen-derived free radicals has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain damage. In this study, we have produced experimental I/R to the brains of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) by a transient occlusion and release of the common carotid arteries. We have attempted to determine whether the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage. Since hippocampus has been suggested as one of the most vulnerable regions of the brain to the oxidative stress, we analyzed samples from hippocampus in comparison with those from cortex. In addition, we have examined the expression of heat shock protein 70kD species (HSP70) in these regions in order to evaluate a possible role of this protein in I/R-induced brain damage. To determine whether the oxidative stress is produced upon I/R, we measured the glutathione oxidation, GSSG/ (GSH + 2xGSSG), as an index of oxidative stress. We found an increase of the glutathione oxidation primarily in hippocampus upon I/R. To determine whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage, we measured the degree of lipid peroxidation upon I/R. We found an increase of lipid peroxidation in both regions. However, the magnitude of increases was greater in hippocampus than in cortex. In addition, we found that changes in both the magnitude and the temporal patterns of glutathione oxidation closely correlated with those of lipid peroxidation. Our study provides biochemical evidences that the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and this oxidative stress is linked to the oxidative cell damage. Our study also provides evidences that the degree of oxidative stress as well as oxidative cell damage is greater in hippocampus than in cortex. We could not find difference in the basal level of HSP70 expression between hippocampus and cortex, indicating that the intrinsic vulnerability of hippocampus cannot be explained by the lower level of HSP70 expression. We did find, however, that the induction of HSP70 expression upon I/R was impaired in the hippocampus. This impairment appeared to be at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that the measurement of HSP70 induction may be employed as a useful predictor of differential cellular susceptibilities to the I/R-induced brain damage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1066-1071
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• 2010

To evaluate the effect of horticultural therapy (HT) on the emotional improvement of depressed patients, computer-based heart rate variability (HRV) was compared with self-report scale (SRS) known as existing subjective evaluation method. SRS included four test areas: mental stress scale (MSS), physical stress scale (PSS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). HRV was itemized into four parameters: standard deviation of the N-N intervals (SDNN), square root of mean squared difference of successive N-N intervals (RMSSD), total power (TP), and low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio). Thirty patients with depression at the same mental hospital participated in this study. 15 patients of the treatment group received HT once a week for three months, but the control group did not during the same period. As a result, the emotional improvement in treatment group was clearly identified through HRV as well as SRS. The significant difference was shown at three test areas (MSS, BAI, and BDI, $p$ < 0.001) in SRS and at one parameter (total power, $p$ < 0.05) in HRV. There was noticeable increase in SDNN, RMSSD, and LF/HF ratio in treatment group after HT activity, but no significant difference. Although all parameters of HRV did not show significance, the possibility of HRV as an objective evaluation method to HT was recognized in this study. These results also implied that HT was efficient in the mental and physical regeneration of the depressed patients in both subjective and objective evaluation methods.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

We investigated the effects of breed, laying age, and egg storage period on the vitality of chicks using the Hwanggalsaek Jaeraejong, Korean Rhode Island Red, and Korean White Leghorn chicken breeds. Their eggs were collected during the early laying period (27~29 weeks) and late laying period (50~52 weeks) and were stored for 3 days, 7 days and 14 days. After the eggs hatched, the hatching time, production performance, and organ weight of chicks were investigated. IL-6 gene expression level and relative length of telomeres were analyzed to determine the physiological activity of the chicks. HSP gene expression level and heterophil to lymphocytes ratio were also analyzed to examine the degree of stress response in the chicks. The results showed that breed and laying age influenced the vitality of chicks, but the egg storage period did not. Korean Leghorn chicks were considered the weakest breed in terms of vitality owing to their low survival rate, small heart size, low physiological activity, and high stress response level. Although the survival rate of chicks produced in the early laying period was low, their high physiological activity and low stress response indicated that they had a high vitality than the chicks produced in the late laying period. In conclusion, to obtain chicks with high vitality, it would be desirable to select a high vitality breed and avoid the use of chicks produced in the late laying period.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2008

카드뮴은 환경과 인체 위해도에 큰 영향을 미치는 중요한 환경오염물질로 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 토양선충인 Caenorhabditis elegans에 카드뮴을 12시간과 48시간으로 나누어 처리하여 시간에 따른 장, 단기적 독성영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이때 생리학적 수준으로 성장 및 생식을 조사하고, 분자수준에서 스트레스 관련 유전자들의 시간에 따른 발현 정도를 관찰하였다. 생식에서는 단기노출(12시간) 시 그 영향이 대조군에 비해 크게 나타났으며, mtl-2의 스트레스 관련 유전자가 증가하였다 장기 노출(48시간) 시에는 cyp35a2, ape-1, sod-1, ctl-2 유전자가 대조군에 비해 약 $2{\sim}4$배 가량의 발현 증가 결과를 조사할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과들을 통해 스트레스 관련 유전자의 발현을 조사하는 것이 중요하고 민감한 생체지표가 된다는 것과 토양선충 C. elegans는 환경중 오염물질에 대한 장기, 단기적 영향을 평가하기 위한 좋은 생물학적 모델이 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2952-2958
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• 2009

This study was to examine the effectiveness of brainwave training by observing the pre and post brainwave measurement results of about 48 (experimental group 24, comparative group24) subjects who have shown resistancestress and student assessment. The study took place at neuro-training center in P city I, during Jul. 2008 and Dec. 2008. As the brainwaves are adjusted by Brain Quotient, the tool used to measure the student assessment was 5Likert Scale questionnaire. The result confirmed the differences of both resistance stress quotient and student assessment. The result of the study suggest brainwave technique's possibility in positively affecting the subjects" resistance stress quotient and student assessment. This study revealed meaningful relation between neurofeedback training and stress among several categoties, while suggesting follow-up researches figuring out more detailed explanations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.4819-4825
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• 2011

This study tried to find out whether character patterns of elderly people are related to stress resistance using brain waves, personal physiological index of cranial nerves. The data were gathered by 1,108 seniors(age 65 and over) who were requested to check brain waves from September, 2007 to December, 2010 in Korean Institute for Research of Psychiatry. 552 of the subject showed the propensity to positive behavior, 556 of them showed the propensity to negative behavior. 735 of the subject showed the propensity to cheerful emotion, 373 of them showed the propensity to depressed emotion. As a result the propensity of emotion was significantly related to the stress resistance, but not the propensity of behavior. In other words, the propensity to cheerful emotion showed higher average stress resistance index than the propensity to depressed emotion. So the person who has the propensity to cheerful emotion can cope with stress better. This study shows the propensity to emotion is related to stress resistance. The influence of the propensity to emotion and how it works should to be studied.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.265-276
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• 2000

스트레스가 타액선 조직을 변형시키고 파괴시킬 수 있다는 것은 이미 보고된 바 있다. 이는 구속스트레스 시에 관찰되는 apoptosis에 의한 것인데, 이 과정에 관여하는 caspase-3는 세포의 DNA를 분절시킴으로서 apoptosis를 일으킨다고 알려진 세포내 단백효소이다. 이에 기존에 관찰되었던 구속 스트레스에 의한 apoptosis의 형태적 변화가 apoptosis를 유도하는 caspase-3와 어떠한 시기적 상관관계를 가지고 있는지를 구명하기 위하여 본 실험을 시행하였다. 웅성 백서 (Sprague-Dawley, 8주) 를 사용하여 실험 전 기간에 걸쳐 구속스트레스를 가한 후 30분, 1시간, 3시간, 6시간, 24시간, 3일, 5일, 7일에 희생시켰다. 그 후 실험동물의 악하선을 절취하여 동결절편을 제작한 후, caspase-3에 대한 형광항체로 면역형광법을 시행하여 관찰하였다. 1. 정상대조군에서는 caspase-3가 타액선 조직 전반에서 미약하게 관찰되었다. 2. 구속스트레스 부여 30분에서 caspase-3는 강반응을 보였고, 실험기간이 경과됨에따라 점차 6시간군에서 부터는 현저히 감소하였다. 3. Caspase-3는 구속 스트레스 30분에 도관과 선포세포 모두에서 발현되었으나, 선포세포에서는 조기에 급격히 소실되었고 도관세포에서는 전 실험 기간에 걸쳐 서서히 소실되었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과에서, 세포내 caspase-3는 조직의 형태적 변화가 나타나기 이전에 발현하는 것으로 보아 caspase-3는 형태적 변화를 예견할 수 있는 진단 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 이후 임상적으로 적용하기 위한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stressor in two breeds of chickens: the Korean native chicken (KNC) and the White Leghorn chicken (WLH). Forty chickens per breed, aged 40 weeks, were randomly allotted to the control (CON, administered the saline vehicle) and LPS-injected stress groups. Samples were collected at 0 and 48 h post-LPS injection, and total RNA was extracted from the chicken livers for RNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. In response to LPS, 1,044 and 1,193 genes were upregulated, and 1,000 and 1,072 genes were downregulated in the KNC and WLH, respectively, using a ${\geq}2$-fold cutoff change. A functional network analysis revealed that stress-related genes were downregulated in both KNC and WLH after LPS infection. The results obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of heat shock 90 (HSP90), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were confirmed by the results of the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the expression of stress-associated genes between the control and LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the stress-related $HSP90{\alpha}$ and HMGCR genes were downregulated in both LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. However, the HSP70 and $HSP90{\beta}$ genes were upregulated only in the LPS-injected KNC group. The results suggest that the mRNA expression of stress-related genes is differentially affected by LPS stimulation, and some of the responses varied with the chicken breed. A better understanding of the LPS-induced infective stressors in chicken using the qRT-PCR and RNA microarray analyses may contribute to improving animal welfare and husbandry practices.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2018

Psychological stress and physical fatigue, such as anxiety, fear, sleep disturbance, etc., caused by exposure to the war, can lead to post-traumatic stress syndrome(PTSD) or war syndrome. The military has also prepared for drug use to minimize war syndrome and preserve combat strength. However, efforts to prevent war syndrome are still lacking. This study was conducted to identify biomarkers that can track psychophysiological changes. Psychophysiological changes associated with PTSD can be divided into four main categories. The four categories are behavioral changes, changes in brain cognition, neuroimmunological changes, and changes in innate immunity. This study suggest that biomarker profile can be made by the distance moved and the anxiety-like behavior in the open field for behavior category, brain BDNF levels in the brain cognition category, serum corticosterone in the neuroimmunology category, and inflammatory cytokine levels in the innate immunity category.