• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.13-31
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• 2021

Since the signing of the Korea-Europe Free Trade Agreement, the volume of trade transactions between South Korea and Europe has increased. The traditional single-mode transport system has been transformed into an intermodal transport system using two or more modes of transport. In addition, the conventional sea and air transport routes have been restricted, leading to a decline in Korean exports to Europe, and the rail transport mode is becoming mainstream in the market due to the influence of COVID-19. This paper focuses on the China-Railway Express to explore a new intermodal transport route from Korea to Europe. First, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to evaluate the factor weights when selecting intermodal transport routes from Korea to Europe. Then, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method is used to rank three alternatives. The results show that among the four factors (total cost, total time, transportation capability, and service reliability), the total cost is the most significant factor, followed by the total time, service reliability, and transportation capability. Furthermore, the alternative route 1 (Incheon-Dalian-Manchuria-Hamburg) is preferred.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.87-112
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• 2005

분무를 정량적으로 측정하는 것은 노즐의 설계와 개발을 위해서 뿐만 아니라 연소 시스템 전반의 효율 및 불안정성의 제거, 공해 저감 등의 요구 조건을 만족하기 위해서 중요하다. 이를 위해 이전에는 분무장 내에 수집관을 삽입하는 기계적 패터네이터(Mechanical Patternator)와 같은 삽입식 측정 방식을 이용하여 왔으나, 최근에는 고속카메라, Malvern particle analyzer, PDPA, 광학 패터네이터(Optical Patternator)와 같은 분무장을 교란시키지 않으면서도 빠른 측정이 가능한 가시화 기술들이 적용되고 있다. 특히 광학 패터네이터는 레이저 평면광을 이용하여 분무를 측정하는 비삽입식 기술로 단시간 내에 분무장 내 액체 연료의 질량 및 액적 크기의 단면 분포를 동시에 얻어낼 수 있는 장점을 갖고 있다. 그러나 분무 액적들의 수밀도가 증가하는 경우에는 이들 액적에 의한 입사광 및 신호 감쇠, 다중산란 등에 의한 오차가 심하게 발생하여, 기존의 PDPA, PLIF 등의 광학 기법으로는 충분히 신뢰할 만한 결과를 얻기가 어렵게 된다. 이러한 분무를 정량적으로 측정하기 위해서는 입사광의 감쇠뿐만 아니라 분무장 내 액적들에 의한 신호의 감쇠 과정에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 주면 액적들의 영향을 최소한으로 줄이기 위해서는 레이저 평면광을 사용하는 광학 패터네이터와 달리 레이저 광선을 분무장에 조사하여 고압에서 나타날 수 있는 다중 산란에 의한 오차를 최소화할 수 있다. 이러한 이미지 처리 기법을 이용하는 광학 선형 패터네이터(Optical Line Patternator)를 이용하여 기존 레이저 계측기법으로 측정이 곤란하였던 고압 환경 하에서의 스월 동축형 인젝터의 분무 특성을 해석할 수가 있다. 2015(년도) 6,388, 2025(년도) 13,367, 2035(년도) 18,756, 2045(년도) 22,595, 시장점유율 증가로 인한 수출액 증가분 누적(억원) : 2015(년도) 3,411, 2025(년도) 8,847, 2035(년도) 14,433, 2045(년도) 18,005 또한 시나리오 비교평가를 실시하여 본 결과, 본 연구에서 정의한 순편익 누적(Cumulative Net Profit) 변수를 적용하면 현재 연구비 추세 대비 $30\%$ 까지 연구비를 증가 시키는 것이 효율적임을 알 수 있었다.성, 생산 용이성, 제품 디자인의 우수한 정도가 a=0.01 수준 하에서 유의적으로 추정되었다. 이들 변수들 중에서 품질경쟁력에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 측정변수는 제품의 기본 성능, 수명(내구성), 신뢰성, 제품 디자인의 순서로 추정되었다. 이것은 한국 제조업이 아직 산업 디자인이 품질경쟁력에 크게 영향을 미치는 성숙단계에 이르지 못하였음을 의미한다. (2) 제품 디자인에게 영향을 끼치는 유의적인 변수는 연구개발력, 연구개발투자 수준, 혁신활동 수준(5S, TPM, 6Sigma 운동, QC 등)이며, 제품 디자인은 우선 품질경쟁력을 높여 간접적으로 고객만족과 고객 충성을 유발하는 것으로 추정되었다. 상기의 분석결과로부터, 본 연구는 다음과 같은 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 첫째, 신상품 개발과 혁신을 위한 포괄적인 연구개발 프로젝트를 품질 경쟁력의 주요 결정요인(제품의 기본성능, 신뢰성, 수명(내구성) 및 제품 디자인)과 연계하여 추진해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 기업은 디자인 경영 마인드 제고와 디자인 전문인력 양성을, 대학은 디자인 현장 업무를 통하여 창의력 증진과 기획 및 마케팅 능력 교육을, 정부는 디자

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.331-350
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• 2011

This paper analyzes balance of goods for a panel data of 56 industry classification in the MTI from 1980 to 2009. This study also develops the equilibrium adjustment process, which is a trade-off between the adjustment costs towards equilibrium costs for balance of goods and the cost of being in disequilibrium. In this framework, the GMM estimation procedure is used to estimate this dynamic panel model consistently. It is found that equilibrium balances of goods in Korean adjust to the speed is very slow to 0.0389. because of this is necessary to adjust the equilibrium goods balance as the cost of goods balance deficit is larger than by the cost. In addition, the real income elasticity for goods balance of resin in Japan and Korea, the real income elasticity 4.38168 and -0.835225, respectively, the marks were consistent with economic theory. The exchange rate elasticity of goods balance in japan to 0.478435 were found in the inelastic.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.455-464
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• 2011

Overseas direct investment is constantly on the rise, while domestic investment has been slowing and has led to concerns that the expansion of overseas investment may be weakening domestic investment. Considering the change of environment as economic growth, this paper analyzes the relationship between domestic and overseas investment using a regression tree. The result shows that overseas investment substituted domestic investment in the past (before 1985); however, they compensated for each other during the rapid growth period based on exports (1986-1997). The relationship turns out to be insignificant after the Asian currency crisis(after 1998). In addition, this paper also examines the factors determining domestic facilities investment and overseas direct investment at each stage of the changes in their influence due to globalization. Taking into account the results, we need to re-evaluate the current pattern of corporate investment apart from the past restricted point of view to help domestic enterprises efficiently utilize the international production network and resources.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-60
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• 2015

As global competition has become keener, importance of standardization has increased due to international trade between firms and countries. Since standardization provide compatibility for parts or products, maintaining a good level of standardization is one of key success factors. This paper studies impact of standardization status and educational effort of standardization on performance of the firm. Also, characteristics of the firm, industry, history, acknowledge of need for education of standardization of the firm are considered as antecedents of standardization status and educational effort on standardization. Data was collected from information and technology and electronics industries. This paper found that characteristics of the firm and acknowledge of need for education on standardization have positive impact on the number of education on standardization. Results of this study also show that the number of education classes and of employees participated in the class positively affect R&D performance and production and quality improvement. Implication of this study is finding the relationship between importance of standardization education and competitiveness of the firm in global market.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.15-32
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• 2016

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) has been the most essential organization in Asia. In spite of the world economic crisis, Southeast Asian countries have shown fast economic growth since 2000, and they have been actively expanding investments and trades especially with major countries. Research on competitiveness in ASEAN market has spawned an increasingly large literature, but empirical research on the determinants of Korea's export to ASEAN is limited. The purpose of this study is to draw out the determinant of Korean fisheries export to ASEAN by carrying out a panel analysis. For achieving such a purpose, pooled OLS, Hausman Test, Fixed Effect, Random Effect are performed. The last 20 years' data over the period of 1995 to 2014 concentrated on the ASEAN 6 countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam is used in this study. Amount of aquatic products export to ASEAN is used as the dependent variable; real exchange rate, real GDP, relative price level and GDP per capita are used as the explanatory variables and FTA as dummy variable. Empirical results show that fixed-effect analysis is the best model among all the models. As the fixed effect model shows, real exchange rate, real GDP, GDP per capita and dummy variable(FTA) play positive and statistically significant roles in fisheries export to ASEAN, while price variable plays a negative and statistically significant role to the dependent variable.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.31-64
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• 2009

This article investigates the short-term cash flow exposures to Korea's major trading partners' currencies based on the kospi and kosdaq firm data from 2000 to 2008. The cash flow approach allows us to analyze the influence on operational performances of individual firm's hedging strategies. Taken all three foreign exchange rates together, more than 30% of the sample firms exhibit significant exposure. Given that the short-term cash flow is rather easy to hedge, the result proves a poor exchange rate risk management practices of Korean firms. Kosdaq firms are more exposed than Kospi firms. On the contrary to the previous researches using stock prices, the operational cash flows show a positive relationship with the value of foreign currencies. The exchange rate-firm sample further shows that the size and leverage affect the level of exposure.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.75-98
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• 2020

This study explores the incentive system in Korean ports to become a global logistics hub in Asia or to be competitive among Korean ports as a regional hub. First, we identified the types of port incentives in Korea and in overseas ports. We selected potential incentives applicable to Korean ports and compared whether they were meaningful, efficient, and effective in the short and long term. We selected IPA (Importance-performance Analysis) as an analytical method and surveyed users and experts. The results show that it is necessary and effective to provide incentives for new shipping companies, both export and import shippers, while setting criteria for reasonable incentives. Factors needed for improvement included simplifying and calculating the incentive request process, incentives for terminal operators, and new incentives, in addition to existing incentives. Policy-making organizations will also need to collect feedback on institutional improvements and raise awareness among users. Key factors for improvement include providing incentives for existing shipping companies. In particular, in order to actively manage systematic and efficient policies, incentive criteria for existing shipping companies need to be reconsidered.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.93-122
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• 1996

This is a study of the determinants of sexual, contraceptive, and abortion behavior among unmarried female adolescents and young adults, which has emerged as a growing and serious health problem in Korea. As part of a larger project, data were gathered in three export zones: Kuro (Seoul), Kumi (Kyngbuk) Masan Changwon (Kyongnam) ; and the study samples are regrouped into three categories: 1) factory workers, i.e. , the reference group serving as program participants, 2) entertainment workers, and 3) ob-gyn patients. This study indicates that entertainment workers are at highest risk of experiencing premarital sex, STDs, contraceptive failure, unwanted pregnancies, and induced abortion. Of them, 20 percent had STDs as a result of first sexual experience: and about seven tenths had two or more pregnancies due to the adoption of low-efficacy methods. The proportion of those who had ever been pregnant was 60 percent for the group as a whole: 36 percent for the program participants: 64 percent for the entertainment workers ; and 91 percent four the ob-gyn patients. These proportions are exactly the same for abortion in each group, which means that all pregnancies ended in induced abortion. Of the respondents who said that they were sexually active at the time of survey, abortions were very high: 1.6 for the program participants, 2.3 for the entertainment workers, and 1.9 for the ob-gyn patients. About 80 percent of the women had abortions during the first trimester, and two thirds of the first abortions took place between the ages of 20 and 23. About one fourth experienced post-abortion complication, which was highest among the program participants (39 percent). Sixty percent of those with complications visited a hospital or took medicine to treat the problem. Even after the experience of induced abortion, the use of contraception was very low, except among the entertainment workers, whose level of use reached 53 percent. The most obvious recommendation, arising from this research, is that 'good-quality' counselling and family planning services be established under the auspices of both national and local government, particularly targeted for the entertainment workers as well as the factory workers in various textile, electronic, manufacturing, and other industrial sectors. We believe that entertainment sectors should be restructured radically so that young women who work for amusement bars and other entertainment sectors obtain protection from the risk of having unwanted pregnancies, STDs, and induced abortion.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the changes of fruit quality indices during fruit development and ripening in Korean new pear cultivar 'Changjo', developed from a cross between 'Tama' and '81-1-27' ('Danbae' ${\times}$ 'Okusankichi') in 1995 and named in 2009, to determine appropriate harvest time and to enhance the market quality and broaden the cultivation area. The fruits of 'Changjo' pears harvested from 132 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 160 DAFB. Fruit growth and quality indices were monitored at 1 week interval by measuring fruit weight, length, diameter, firmness, and taste related quality indices. The calculated fruit fresh weight increased continuously with fruit development and reached to an average of 594g on Sep. 20 (160 DAFB). The ratio of length to diameter declines as fruit maturation progress, resulting in 0.898 for ripe fruit stage as a round oblate shape. Flesh firmness of 'Changjo' pears showed over 30N until 153 DAFB and then decreased abruptly with fruit ripening, reaching a final level of about 26.44N on 160 DAFB. Starch content of fruit sap was also decreased abruptly after 146 DAFB which decreased almost half of the fruits harvested at 139 DAFB. In parallel with the decrease of flesh firmness, ethanol insoluble solids (EIS) content decreased sharply with fruit ripens, only 50% of EIS was detected on the fruits harvested on 160 DAFB when compared to that of the fruits harvested on 139 DAFB (Aug. 30). The maximum value of soluble solids contents was observed in the fruits harvested on 153 DAFB, resulting in $14.2^{\circ}Brix$. The changes of skin color difference $a^*$ which means loss of green color occurred only after 139 DAFB, coincide with the decrease of SPAD value of the fruit skin. The sugars of the 80% ethanol soluble fraction consisted mainly of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose, also increased during maturation and ripening. Fructose and sucrose contents were larger than those of glucose and sorbitol in flesh tissues. These results were explained that stored starch is converted to soluble sugars during fruit maturation, mainly in fructose and sucrose increasing the sweetness of this cultivar. Total polyphenols were increased up to middle of fruit maturation (146 DAFB) and then decreased continuously until the end of fruit maturation. Consequently, our results suggested that the commercial harvest time of 'Changjo' pears should not be passed 153 DAFB and late harvest of this cultivar would not good for quality maintenance during shelf-life. As a result of the post-harvest low-temperature acclimation experiment during the short-term transportation period, fruits harvested at 146 DAFB tended to maintain higher firmness after 14 days of simulated marketing at $25^{\circ}C$ compared to fruits harvested at 153 DAFB regardless of temperature set. And, the slower the rate of decrease to the final transport temperature of $5^{\circ}C$, the higher the incidence of internal browning and ethylene production. Therefore, in order to suppress the physiological disorder and to maintain the fruit quality when exporting to Southeast Asia in the 'Chanjo' pears, it is desirable to lower the temperature of the fruits within a short time after harvest and to set the harvest time before 146 days after full bloom.