• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.217-254
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is comparing fiscal sustainability of 17 welfare states. Borrowed the concept of fiscal space to Ostry et al(2010) and Ghosh et al(2011), this study measures the fiscal sustainability in welfare states. Using data collected from 20 OECD countries from 1986 to 2013, this study attempts to evaluate the financial sustainability of each country. As a result, it is necessary that the appropriate level of tax burden is secured. Tax revenue is the funded basis for maintaining the welfare state, so increasing tax compliance to offset the negative impact of increasing welfare spending will promote social cohesion. In therms of tax structure, in accordance with the ability to pay principle, it is important to raise the equity between the source of taxation. Reducing the gap between labor and capital tax is required to achieve horizontal equity, It is also useful to utilize the financial base of the welfare state by broadening the tax base though a consumption tax. Improving the vertical equity can also make a positive contribution to the fiscal sustainability of the welfare state.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.273-292
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to delve into all sorts of literature concerned in a bid to suggest how the Public Law Enforcement and private Security sector could join forces in preventing crimes and guaranteeing the safety of people. Quite naturally, crime has increased greatly to become one of the major social problems. Crime has been conventionally recognized as 'something' to be prevented and controlled by public law enforcement. However, the rate of crime increase has been so rapid that public law enforcement alone could not effectively control the everincreasing and diversified crimes in our society. To serve as a qualified partner for the police, private security industry should strive to secure excellent manpower and provide education for workers to improve their qualifications. Specifically, they should put sustained efforts into diversifying the types of security business and creating a new market to extend their scope of business and become more competitive. Intensified collaboration between the Public Law Enforcement and private Security security sector is expected to create new synergy in addressing people's needs for safety and enhancing their quality of life.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.165-187
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• 2015

In this paper, we tested if the sewage subsidy from Korean Water Management Fund discourage sewage fee increase by Korean local governments, and consequently hinder water quality improvement. To examine this counter-incentive effect of Water manage Fund sewage subsidy, we estimated the effect of sewage subsidy on the ratio of sewage fee revenue to environmental treatment facilities' operation cost of local governments in 2009-12, using two-stage least square estimation. We found that the sewage subsidy has negative effect on the sewage fee revenue to sewage operation cost ratio. But, the statistical significance of this effect was sensitive to model specification. And the size was too small to conclude that the counter-incentive effect was economically significant.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2022

As Internet traffic surges due to global CPs, a request to share network investment costs has emerged in the industry. This has significantly changed the issue of the principle of network neutrality from accessibility to network fee. Some of the academic researchers had a negative view to network fees in the Internet space. However, in the industry, a number of disputes have occurred and some have escalated into court battles, and attention has been focused on the court's decision. The courts began to accept fee-for-service under network neutrality, and the government responded quickly by revising regulations. However, it still focuses on service stability, and there is no regulation that directly stipulates payment of network fee. In the study, changes in network neutrality were verified by analyzing cases of disputes between operators, court judgments, and improvement of regulations. And referring to the tragedy of the commons, the restoration of the correct price signal based on the principle of beneficiary pays was suggested as the most important solution. The payment of network fee by CP is one of the solutions.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.195-220
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• 2008

Various Kinds of social pathology and crimes that threaten our daily safety are on the increase in process of time as a result of the development of science and technology empty of moral sense, Value Confusions, apolaustic tendency, economic and social transformation recently. Moreover the effective provision of police service lies beyond the boundaries of the police organization. Therefore private security personnel have made an effort for safety and protection of group as well as an individual through the introduction of private security industry based on a benefit principle and private security industry is being become complexes utilizing technology as well as high-end devices through various international events. The field of private security industry in Korea is being extended rapidly with expansionism of society and public services but the quality improvement is declining. Furthermore the study of recruit education program for security personnel as the basis of quality improvement is insufficient compared with the study of police service. Consequently, this investigation is going to contribute to development of recruit education program for security personnel through the analysis about difference of each subject usability for education about electronic security and facility guard.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.89-120
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• 2008

With petroleum being a major source of energy in Korea, the quantity of petroleum transported via ocean routes is on its way up due to increased consumption. Due to the increase, more than 300 cases of pollution caused by petroleum occur annually. Moreover, the number of oil-spill accidents is also on the rise. Causes of such accidents, not including the disposal of waste oil on purpose, turn out to be human error during navigation or defects in the vessels, showing that most accidents are caused by humans. Therefore, to prevent future oil spills, it is imperative that navigation efficiency be enhanced by improving the quality of navigators and replacing old vessels with newer ones. Nevertheless, such improvements cannot occur overnight, so long- and mid-term efforts should be made to achieve it institutionally. As large-scale oil-spill accidents can happen at anytime along the coastal waters of Korea, it is necessary to set-up institutional devices which go beyond the compensation limit of 92FC. The current special law regarding this issue has its limits in that it prescribes compensation be supplemented solely by national taxes. Therefore, the setting-up of a new 'national fund' is recommended for consideration rather than to subscribe to the '2003 Convention for the Supplementary Fund'. It is strongly suggested that a National fund be created from fees collected from oil companies based on the risks involved in oil transportation and according to the profiteers pay principle. In addition, a public fund should be created to handle general environmental damage, such as the large-scale destruction of the ecosystem, which is distinct from the economic damage that harms the local people. The posterior responses to the large-scale oil spill have always been unsatisfactory because of the symbolic nature of the disasters included in such accidents. Oil-spills can be prevented in advance, because they are caused by human beings. But once they occur, they inflict long-term damage to both human life and the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the best response to future oil-spills is to work to prevent them.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.25-50
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• 2006

Private detectives and investigators offer many services, including executive, corporate, and celebrity protection; pre-employment verification; and individual background profiles. They also investigate computer crimes, personal injury cases, insurance claims and fraud, child custody and protection cases, missing persons cases, and premarital screening. This paper focuses on a private detective or investigator system in most developed U.S.A, but it is not easy to describe that system. Licensing requirements vary in U.S.A. Some States have few requirements, and many other States have stringent regulations. A growing number of States are enacting mandatory training programs for private detectives and investigators. Employment and need of private detectives and investigators is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations. Thus, it is reasonable that korean government should permit private investigation service find the way to minimize the side effects of private investigation service instead of banning the service totally.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2015

Now that it is the current situation that the smooth supply and demand are necessary for 2nd phase of beginning construction and stable development of Gaesung Industrial Complex, this study was willing to offer the planning criteria and model to establish the lodging for the workers in Gaesung Industrial Complex based on the agreement that both South and North Korea agreed in 2007. Regarding the plan, its standard and the alternative were reviewed considering welfare of workers, economic efficiency, technical validity, possibility of agreement and long-term development. The exclusive area per capita was calculated through Labor Standards Act of Korea and status survey of lodging for the workers provided to border line area between China and North Korea and the economic alternative based on one room for 6 persons with the public restroom was compared with that of development type based on one room for 4 persons with indoor restroom. Especially regarding the proposed site, the area with the optimized position was set by considering gradient, accessibility and convenience of development out of the area of Dongchang-ri where was agreed already and the priority of the proposed site that can keep the existing building site and provide was offered. The necessary period for whole construction was set as approximately 36 months. Regarding construction method, RC Rahmen method was selected as the optimized alternative considering the workmanship of manpower of North Korea and conditions of supply and demand of materials and cluster-type vehicle allocation plan based on 4~6 units considering the efficiency of supplying service facilities and convenient facilities along the simultaneous accommodation of 15,000 people was offered. It was analyzed that total business expenses of approximately 80~100 billion Korean Won would required though there were the difference for each alternative in the charged rental way that the development business owner develops by lending the inter-Korea Cooperation Fund and withdraws the rent by the benefit principle. The possibility of withdrawing the rent was analyzed assuming that the period of withdrawing the investment is 30 years. Especially for the operation management after moving, the establishment of the committee of operating the lodging for the workers of Gaesung Industrial Complex (tentative name) was offered with the dualized governance that the constructor takes charge of operational management, collecting fees and management of infrastructure and human resource management is delegated to North Korea.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1D
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• pp.51-63
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• 2011

This study suggests that prior to construction of the 2nd Changwon tunnel and implementation of the demanded free of charge on Changwon tunnel, it is recommended to improve the traffic facilities and management of the traffic condition in order to create an efficient road that will keep traffic flow to a minimum and maintain the facilities proper working order. It has been generally accepted that the 2nd Changwon tunnel is necessary to construct and open as soon as possible. This is due to the service level of current traffic volume in the Changwon tunnel pay toll road which have been so congested that the fees have increased causing a public complaint to be filed, demanding a early free of charge be implemented for the Changwon tunnel. Furthermore, the objective and impartial analysis of the traffic situation based on a simulation of the alternative and traffic congestion fees has been provided to make the early free of charge on toll road as soon as possible. Finally, careful attention should be paid to seek to make the early free of charge on toll road in order to minimize the damages both specified and unspecified that may arise the prompt settlement of construction repayments and security of minimum management fees should be given priority over other alternatives.