• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.479-485
• /
• 2007

A retrospective study of 94 hypercalcemic dogs was performed to find out most common causes that lead to hypercalcemia through investigating dogs referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University from 2002 to 2004. During the study period, hypercalcemia was found in 94 dogs of 19 breeds, and they were evaluated as case group. Control group was made up of 94 dogs of 18 breeds without hypercalcemia admitted for the same study period. For general signalments, there were no significant differences between case and control group with the exception of age distribution. Shih-tzu(17.02%) and Yorkshire terrier(26.60%) was the most common breed in case and control group, respectively. The most common diseases associated with hypercalcemia were chronic renal failure (18.09%), acute renal failure(14.89%), and renal calculi(6.38%). Malignant neoplasia(lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mammary gland tumor, and multiple myeloma) and endocrinopathies(hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism) occupied 8.5% and 6.4%, respectively. This report is a first retrospective study of hypercalcemic dogs in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.12-19
• /
• 2010

Optimum nitrogen fertigation level by soil testing was determined on the growth and yield of eleven-year-old 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labrusca L.) grapevine in a sandy loam soil from 2005 to 2007. Fifty percent of the annual application of the nitrogen rate (195 kg/ha/yr) was top-dressed as basal fertilizer in all treatments, and the remainders were drip-irrigated with fertigation rate at 25 (12.5% of total N, N 1/4 level of the remainder), 50 (25% of total N, N 1/2 level), and 100 mg/L (50% of total N, N 1 level) in intervals of twice (2.1 mm/times) a week for 12 weeks, and the effect of N drip fertigation was compared to control which the N remainder was applied with surface application as an additional fertilizer. The results showed that chlorophyll content reading in SPAD value and N contents of leaves increased as nitrogen fertigation level increased. Also observed was the growth of the internode and stem diameter of shoots which were longest at N 1/2 level among the treatments conducted both in 2005 and 2006. It was also noted that yield of the fruit was different every year, where average yield for three years was recorded highest in N 1/4 level, and lowest in N 1 level compared to control(surface application). Soluble solid content and titratable acidity of fruit juice were also not significant during the treatments, the maturation of fruits tended to be retarded in N 1 level. The study proved that N 1/4 (N 25 mg/L) levels of fertigation based on soil testing was most efficient in obtaining optimum yield and also, fertigation of grapevine at open field condition reduces the use of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.515-525
• /
• 2007

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional community life near the vicinity of a village. This study is done by surveying the vegetation and flora at the village grove situated at the former location for the US military camp. Through such data collected from this study, this researcher could have access to preliminary data needed for restoration project & preservation of not only the village grove surveyed but also the village grove of its neighboring district. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 2 families, 2 genuses, 1 species, and 1 variety, totalling to 2 taxa; a Gymnosperm of 2 families, 2 genuses, 3 species, totalling to 3 taxa; in the realm of an Angiosperm, a Monocotyledon consisting of 5 families, 10 genuses, and 11 species, totalling to 11 taxa; Dicotyledoneal consisting of 24 families, 39 genuses, 40 species, and 3 varieties, totalling to 43 taxa, thus revealing 33 families, 53 genuses, 55 species, 4 varieties and 59 taxa in total. Urbanization index(4.2%) and Naturalization ratio(20.3%) showed a relatively higher numerical value than those of other districts. The vegetation unit comprising a village grove is classified Into the four community units, such as Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata community, and Rosa multiflora community. Quercus serrata community is of a community type dominated by Quercus serrata, in place of Pinus densiflora selected by natural succession, which shows relatively superior lighting adaptability and was surveyed to grow up on not only a tree layer but also a sub-tree layer. With the recent appearance of industrialization, the use of a village grove is reducing due to villagers' leaving, decrease in the number of households, and urbanization; consequently, there came out a pattern of succession to Quercus serrata community, which could be assumed to be potential natural vegetation of this district, after passing through the process of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.279-289
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of coagulants and solid-liquid separation methods on algal removal in water treatment processes. Thus characterization of raw water quality in terms of turbidity. UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a and correlation analysis of these parameters were conducted. In addition, the effect of commercial Al-based coagulants(Alum. PAC and PACS) on algal removal was studied by turbidity and organic removal, algal species removal, characteristic of pH drop and alkalinity consumption using laboratory jar tests. Organic components including UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a in case of algal bloom were highly correlated with turbidity and the correlation coefficients of UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a with turbidity were 0.775, 0674 and 0.623, respectively. In coagulation and sedimentation, the Al-based coagulants showed similar efficiency of organic and turbidity removal in low organic($KMnO_4$ consumption below 15mg/l) and low turbidity(below 30NTU). However, PAC and PACS showed better algal removal than alum in high organic concentration($KMnO_4$ consumption above 20mg/l) and high turbidity(above 100NTU) raw water conditions generated by high algal growth, which is considered to be due to the floc settleability. In comparison of sedimentation and flotation after chemical coagulation and flocculation, the removal efficiency of organic and turbidity were higher in case of alum dose with flotation than with sedimentation, while those were better in case or PAC and PACS with sedimentation than with flotation. Thus, Alum with flotation and PAC and PACS with sedimentation is recommended for efficient algal removal. The dominant phytoplankton in raw water were Microcystic and pediastrum simplex and the removal efficiency of algae with sedimentation using alum. PAC and PACS were 27%, 45% and 22% respectively, while those with DAF showed 100% removal of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.59 no.1
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen rates on the growth characteristics and yield of maize in agricultural fields with the stream. This indicates the necessity and optimal level of nitrous fertilization to examine the possibilities of quantity enhancement. Plant height and ear height of maize were not significantly different among the nitrogen rates. Stem diameter and leaf area index increased in the nitrogen treatment compared to untreated control. Changes of photosynthetic rate in maize leaves depending on nitrogen treatments increased as much as nitrogen rates were increased up to the highest level, 36 kg per 10a. NDF and ADF content levels of maize were investigated with different nitrogen rates regardless of treatments. In the case of NDF, it showed a tendency to decrease after 8 days of tasseling date. ADF had also decreased after 15 days of tasseling date. Nitrogen uptake of maize leaves with different nitrogen rates showed the highest level, $4.9g\;kg^{-1}$ with 36 kg per 10a on the tasseling date. Ear length and 100-kernel weight, there were no significant differences according to yield and the components with different nitrogen rates. Ear diameter and kernel number, nitrogen rates of 18 kg and 36 kg were increased compared to nitrogen rate of 9 kg per 10a and untreated control. The pericarps in 9 kg nitrogen rate and control were thicker than those of 18 kg and 36 kg treatment. The yield, 18 kg, 36 kg, and 9 kg treatments were increased by 10.96%, 9.27%, and 3.31%, compared to control. The component analysis on maize kernel with different nitrogen rates, starch showed no significant differences among treatments. Total sugar in 18 kg nitrogen treatment represented the highest content level, 6.37%. In addition, Amylopectin in 18 kg treatment showed the highest content level of 90.38%. However, amylose in 18 kg treatment showed the lowest level, 9.62% which drew a conclusion that waxy of 18 kg treatment is considered to be the strongest one. From the results described above, nitrous fertilization is essential to grow maize in agricultural fields with the stream. The optimum level of nitrous fertilization is considered 18 kg per 10a.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.498-505
• /
• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this in vivo study was to investigate the microbial diversity in symptomatic and asymptomatic canals with primary endodontic infections by using GS FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. Materials and Methods: Sequencing was performed on 6 teeth (symptomatic, n = 3; asymptomatic, n = 3) with primary endodontic infections. Amplicons from hypervariable region of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene were generated by polymerized chain reaction (PCR), and sequenced by means of the GS FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. Results: On average, 10,639 and 45,455 16S rRNA sequences for asymptomatic and symptomatic teeth were obtained, respectively. Based on Ribosomal Database Project Classifier analysis, pyrosequencing identified the 141 bacterial genera in 13 phyla. The vast majority of sequences belonged to one of the seven phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, and Synergistetes. In genus level, Pyramidobacter, Streptococcus, and Leptotrichia constituted about 50% of microbial profile in asymptomatic teeth, whereas Neisseria, Propionibacterium, and Tessaracoccus were frequently found in symptomatic teeth (69%). Grouping the sequences in operational taxonomic units (3%) yielded 450 and 1,997 species level phylotypes in asymptomatic and symptomatic teeth, respectively. The total bacteria counts were significantly higher in symptomatic teeth than that of asymptomatic teeth (p < 0.05). Conclusions: GS FLX Titanium pyrosequencing could reveal a previously unidentified high bacterial diversity in primary endodontic infections.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.190-197
• /
• 2011

Currently, the dose distribution calculation used by commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs) for high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy is derived from point and line source approximation method recommended by AAPM Task Group 43 (TG-43). However, the study of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is required in order to assess the accuracy of dose calculation around three-dimensional Ir-192 source. In this study, geometry factor was calculated using segmented sources integration method by dividing microSelectron HDR Ir-192 source into smaller parts. The Monte Carlo code (MCNPX 2.5.0) was used to calculate the dose rate $\dot{D}(r,\theta)$ at a point ($r,\theta$) away from a HDR Ir-192 source in spherical water phantom with 30 cm diameter. Finally, anisotropy function and radial dose function were calculated from obtained results. The obtained geometry factor was compared with that calculated from line source approximation. Similarly, obtained anisotropy function and radial dose function were compared with those derived from MCPT results by Williamson. The geometry factor calculated from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was within 0.2% for $r{\geq}0.5$ cm and 1.33% for r=0.1 cm, respectively. The relative-root mean square error (R-RMSE) of anisotropy function obtained by this study and Williamson was 2.33% for r=0.25 cm and within 1% for r>0.5 cm, respectively. The R-RMSE of radial dose function was 0.46% at radial distance from 0.1 to 14.0 cm. The geometry factor acquired from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was in good agreement for $r{\geq}0.1$ cm. However, application of segmented sources integration method seems to be valid, since this method using three-dimensional Ir-192 source provides more realistic geometry factor. The anisotropy function and radial dose function estimated from MCNPX in this study and MCPT by Williamson are in good agreement within uncertainty of Monte Carlo codes except at radial distance of r=0.25 cm. It is expected that Monte Carlo code used in this study could be applied to other sources utilized for brachytherapy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.313-320
• /
• 2013

Biofilm formed on stainless and copper in water treatment plant was investigated for sixteen weeks. Biofilm reactor was specially designed for this study. It was similar to that of a real distribution pipe. Raw water, coagulated, settled, filtered and treated water were used in this study. The average number of heterotrophic bacteria counts was $1.6{\times}10^4CFU/ml$, $5.8{\times}10^3CFU/ml$, $1.8{\times}10^3CFU/ml$, $1.3{\times}10^2CFU/ml$, 1 CFU/ml, respectively. Density of biofilm bacteria formed on stainless and copper pipes in raw, coagulated and settled water increased above $2.9{\times}10^3CFU/cm^2$ within second weeks while more biofilm bacteria counts were found on the stainless pipe than on the copper pipe. In case of filtered water (free residue chlorine 0.44 mg/L), there was no significant difference in the number of biofilm bacteria on both pipes and biofilm bacteria below $18CFU/cm^2$ were detected on both pipe materials after fifth weeks. Biofilm bacteria were not detected on both pipe materials in treated water (free residue chlorine 0.88 mg/L). According to the results of DGGE analysis, Sphingomonadacae was a dominant species of biofilm bacteria formed on the stainless pipe while the copper pipe had Bradyrhizobiaceae and Sphingomonadaceae as dominant bands. In case of filtered water, a few bands (similar to Propionibacterium sp., Sphingomonas sp., Escherichia sp., and etc.) that have 16S rRNA sequences were detected in biofilm bacteria formed on both pipes after fifth weeks. Stainless pipe had higher species richness and diversity than the copper pipe.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.90 no.4
• /
• pp.458-464
• /
• 2001

In this study, the annual growth of roots and their branching forms of Norway spruce(Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were analysed to compare the development of their root in the differently acidified forest soils. And there was no significant difference among the stands for the modified roots and the non-modified roots depending on the root branch forms, and however in the most acidified Weidenbrunnen stand, the modified roots, the abnormal root branch form such as fork, gun and rake types were appeared. As a result of the ring of the root, the annual horizontal root growth were 6.3cm for Weidenbrunnen and Barbis stands and 9.5cm for Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand. The average annual vertical root growth was 4.4cm, 5.4cm, and 6.7cm for Weidenbrunnen stand, Barbis stand, and Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand, respectively. The cross section area by root distribution at 80cm deep showed that the thick and thin roots were evenly distributed in of Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand and the sum of root cross section area was $32.6cm^2$. In Barbis stand, the thick roots were distributed in the center while the thin roots were comparatively rare. And the sum of root cross section area was $29.2cm^2$. In Weidenbrunnen stand, only a few thin roots were found, and the total root cross section area was $10.9cm^2$. The stability coefficient of roots were in the order of Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand(1.04), Barbis stand (0.3), and Weidenbrunnen(0.08) stand. Among the investigated Norway spruce stands, the modified abnormal root branching form and the low root growth appeared in the Weidenbrunnen stand could be attributed by the soil acidification etc.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2015

Chicken is one of the major livestock, especially for supplying proteins to human. The chicken genome size is approximately one-third compared with that of the human genome and regarded as a valuable model animal for genetics and development biology. In this study, we constructed the genetic linkage map for Korean native chicken (KNC) using 131 microsatellite (MS) and 8 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. As a result, the total map length was calculated as 2729.4 cM and the average genetic distance between markers was 19.64 cM. The marker orders and genetic distances were well matched with the consensus linkage map except for the physical order of ADL0278 and MCW0351 in GGA8. In addition, the recombination rates in marcrochromosomes were 3.7 times higher than that of microchromosomes. The average numbers of alleles, expected heterozygosity (Hexp) and polymorphic information content (PIC) values were calculated as 5.5, 0.63 and 0.58, respectively. These results will give useful information for the understanding of genetic structure and QTL studies in KNC.