• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.149-215
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• 1996

현행 민영화정책이 공기업의 효율성제고를 최우선 목표로 설정한 것은 타당한 선택이었음에도 불구하고, 경제력집중 심화에 대한 우려와 주식시장의 제약 등을 이유로 민영화정책은 그 추진실적이 부진하고 향후 지속 여부가 불투명한 것이 현실이다. 본(本) 논문(論文)은 우리나라 공기업민영화를 둘러싼 논쟁의 핵심인 경제력집중(經齊力集中), 경쟁도입(競爭導入), 주식시장여건(株式市場與件) 등이 공기업민영화와 관련하여 어떻게 이해되어야 할 것이며, 바람직한 정책대응(政策對應)은 무엇인지를 논의하고 있다. 재산권이론(財産權理論)을 동원하여 주인(主人) 있는 경영(經營)의 의미를 재해석할 때, 기업지배(企業支配) 통제구조(統制構造)의 정착이 요원한 우리 현실에서 민영화가 기업효율을 제고하려면 민간대주주(民間大株主)의 지배(支配)를 인정하는 방식이 최선책(最善策)이며, 소유가 분산되고 전문경영체제(專門經營體制)를 도입하는 민영화방식은 지배구조(支配構造)의 실패가능성(失敗可能性) 때문에 차선책(次善策)이라고 평가된다. 그러나 효율성 차원의 최선책은 경제력집중이라는 국민경제적 비용을 초래하므로, 정부로서는 경제력 집중이라는 비용(費用)과 효율성이라는 편익(便益)을 조화시키는 방안을 모색할 수밖에 없다. 이 경우 정부가 고려할 보완책(補完策)으로는 감자후(減資後) 민영화(民營化)와 분할민영화(分割民營化)가 있다. 한편 자연독점의 특성이 뚜렷한 일부 네트워크사업분야를 제외하면, 민영화시 경쟁도입(競爭導入)은 기업효율성과 국민경제의 배분효율성을 제고하므로 정부로서는 당연한 선택일 것이다. 경쟁은 공기업의 인수자격규제에 있어서도 새로운 기준을 제시하는데, 민영화를 정부(政府)와 민간(民間)사이의 M&A로 이해하고 경쟁제한적(競爭制限的) 기업결합(企業結合)을 규제하는 공정거래법(公正去來法)의 정신(精神)이 인수자격규제기준이 되어야 하며, 업종전문화(業種專門化) 발상(發想)에 근거한 인수자격규제는 득보(得)다 실(失)이 클 것이다. 아직도 자생적 성장기반이 취약한 주식시장의 제약에 따라 민영화일정의 탄력적인 조정은 불가피하지만, 정부는 상장(上場)의 필요성(必要性)을 재검토하고, 매각(賣却)의 우선순위(優先順位)를 조정하며, 무엇보다도 양질(良質)의 주식(柱式) 공급(供給)이 수요(需要)를 창출하는 메커니즘을 개발해야한다. 이와 함께 본(本) 논문(論文)은 현행 추진체계(推進體系)에 내재된 민영화의 지연가능성이 심각한 문제임을 지적하였고, 대규모 공기업의 민영화가 대기업(大企業)의 새로운 전형(典型)을 창출하여 한국자본주의(韓國資本主義)의 건전한 발전을 앞당기는 역사적 기회라는 점을 강조하고 있다. 마지막으로 재벌인수가 가능한 경우와 규제되어야 할 각각의 경우에 대하여 민영화정책(民營化政策)의 '체크리스트'를 제시하고 있다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.145-153
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• 2018

Recently the Korean society has suffered severe conflicts over the rate of increase in the minimum wage, while academics have failed to provide appropriate standards through reliable research. Recent foreign studies using natural experimentation or meta-regression analysis show that the increase in minimum wage has little effect on employment. Domestic studies are not yet numerous in number, and they present different conclusions on employment effects depending on the data used, sample period, and research model. To properly assess the employment effects of the minimum wage, future studies should minimize measurement errors in minimum wage dataset, and appropriately consider the endogenous change of minimum wage, economic situation and trends of employment changes. It is also necessary to utilize natural experiment methods before and after the increase of the minimum wage.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.417-422
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• 2009

국내에는 충주 어래산 광화대와 홍천 광화대에 대한 탐사 결과 약 4,600,000 톤의 자원량을 확보하였으나 시추량의 제한에 따른 자원량의 부족과 낮은 가격으로 인해 경제성이 없는 것으로 잠정적으로 판단된 바 있다. 그러나 최근 희토류 가격이 2000년대 초에 비해 2~3배까지 상승하였으며 최저개발 품위가 REO 2%대로 낮아짐으로써 두 광화대에 대한 체계적인 정밀탐사를 통하여 보다 정확한 자원평가가 요구된다. 이 두 지역은 REE 뿐만 아니라 Fe, Sr 등이 수반됨으로써 그 잠재적인 가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 하동 광화대는 Ti외 REE와 Li의 추출이 가능하여 경제성을 상승시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 양양 광화대는 Zr-Nb-REE 광화대로 알려져 있으나 체계적 탐사가 수행되지 않아 자원량의 산정은 수행되지 않았으나 REE 외 희유금속인 Nb을 수반하여 그 잠재적인 가치가 높다고 판단된다. 국내 REE 자원탐사는 체계적이고 계획적인 탐사가 진행 된 적이 없어 단일 광상에 대해 정확한 매장량 산정이나 경제성 분석 등이 이루어지지 않아 그 가치 판단이 모호함으로써 개발에 제한을 가지고 있다. 세계적인 수요량이 현재 REO 100,000톤에서 2013년에는 거의 200,000톤으로의 증가가 전망되고, Eu의 가격은 2000년 중반에 비해 최근 2배 상승하였으며, Dy의 가격은 3배 이상 급상승 추세에 있어 대부분 희토류 산화물 가격은 점차 증가될 것으로 전망한다. 전 세계 희토류 생산의 95%를 중국이 독점하고 있어 자원이 1개국에 편재된 극히 좋지 않은 자원환경으로 세계 각국에서 희토류 탐사에 전념하고 있는 실정이다. 아울러 하이브리드 카 생산이 증대되면 중국만이 생산하는 중희토류의 수요가 급증하여 가격 상승과 함께 수급에 차질이 있을 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 국내 희토류 자원에 대한 체계적이고 단계적인 중장기적 탐사를 통하여 REE 자원을 확보하여 개발한다면 국내 REE 자원의 수급을 원활히 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.51-66
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• 2017

Online and wireless communications have dramatically changed the contents industry marketplace. Content transactions are now instantaneous as distribution channels move from the 'mart' to smart platforms, creating opportunities for content creators large and small. Yet with opportunity comes the threat of imbalance in the industry ecosystem. In order to ensure the health and diversity of an industry that relies so heavily on the welfare of small creative enterprises, it is essential to establish rules for the fair transaction of content rights. Several structural forces may work against such rules: first, the industry consists of a large number of small distributor intermediary businesses (e.g. major publishers); second, end distributors (e. g. platforms) maintain a superior, monopsony position; and third, economic valuation of content is difficult. In terms of acquisition business model, rights transactions can be classified into three general models: (1) license model, (2) original acquisition model, and (3) monopsony model. This study explores the publishing industry in detail, considering key statutes and their operation across the models. From analysis of Korea and the US statutes and case law, and decisions of the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) of Korea, we offer evaluation criteria for discerning between fair and unfair content rights transactions. We further recommend industry practice that may enhance the likelihood for fair content rights transactions, and thus a thriving publishing ecosystem.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.247-258
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• 2009

Rail transportation system are needed to develop proper corresponds to satisfy various demands in freight transportation since there are many problems in rail transportation infrastructure and operation. This paper analyzes characteristics of rail transportation consumers and develops policy for vitality of rail transportation by survey of rail transportation consumers and AHP methodology. This paper is organized as follows. Section 1 presents the description of the objective and the methods for this study. Section 2 presents the description of the methods for analysis of characteristics of consumers of rail freight transportation. Section 3 presents the characteristics of rail transportation consumers by analysis the survey results of rail transportation consumers. Section 4 summarizes our conclusions and discusses further research topics.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-148
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• 2014

This paper performs a historical analysis on the various factors contributing to the current carbon lock-in of Korean electricity industry by using techo-institutional complex. The possibilities of the industry's carbon lock-out toward more sustainable development are also investigated. It turns out that market, firm, consumer, and government factors are all responsible for the development of the carbon lock-in of Korean power industry; the Korean government consistently favoring large power plants based on the economy of scale; below-cost electricity tariff; inflation policy to suppress increases in power price; rapid demand growth in summer and winter seasons; rigidities of electricity tariff; and expansion of gas-fired and imported coal-fired large power plants. On the other hand, except for nuclear power generation and smart grid, environment laws and new and renewable energy laws are the other remaining factors contributing to the carbon lock-out. Considering three key points that Korea is an export-oriented economy, the generation mix is the most critical factor to decide the amounts of carbon emission in the power industry, and the share of industry and commercial power consumption is over 85%, it is unlikely that Korea will achieve the carbon lock-out of power industry in the near future. Therefore, there are needs for more integrated approaches from market, firm, consumer, and government all together in order to achieve the carbon lock-out in the electricity industry. Firstly, from the market perspective, it is necessary to persue more active new and renewable energy penetration and to guarantee consumer choices by mitigating the incumbent's monopoly power as in the OECD countries. Secondly, from the firm perspective, the promotion of distributed energy system is urgent, which includes new and renewable resources and demand resources. Thirdly, from the consumer perspective, more green choices in the power tariff and customer awareness on the carbon lock-out are needed. Lastly, the government shall urgently improve power planning frameworks to include the various externalities that were not properly reflected in the past such as environmental and social conflict costs.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2015

Developed countries have set seed industry as a new growth engine, which demands strong support from the government. Multinational seed companies such as Monsanto and DuPont have made huge financial investment to secure their major roles in the global market. To spur domestic seed industry performance, Korean government laid out the foundation for developing seed industry through policy promotion in the late 2000s. In this paper, I look at the current state of the domestic and international seed market to provide information for improving the efficiency of the propulsion of the Golden Seed Project (GSP) along with its vision. The increasing size of global giant companies has been regarded to monopolize the world seed industry wherein ten renowned companies occupy 73% of the overall global market. In effect, this causes a price hike due to limited seed choices. Domestic seed market has been stuck in a range due to a sustained low agricultural production resulting in decreased seed demand and market size. Though breeding technologies for rice and vegetables are world-class, the technologies for top global crops such as cabbage, paprika, and forage are insufficient therefore professionals in this field are not easily employed. Moreover, there is a lack in appropriate infrastructure set up in the universities which adds to ineffective training of professionals. Being a key-supporting industry for agriculture, seed industry should be granted with strong and sustainable investment support from the government. In view thereof, GSP, which started in 2012, ambitions to spur researches outlined by excellent professionals in universities and seed companies aimed to drive seed export volume and quality and attain domestic seed self-sufficiency through adoption of export- and import-substitution seed types (10 varieties each) development strategies. To develop Korea's seed industry excellent achievement of GSP's goals should be drawn successfully and to do this beside development of high quality seeds, support programs for promotion of seed exports are also needed.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.129-138
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• 2006

It is expected that the typical lifestyle of the future will be transformed into an opulent and comfortable existence as the quality of life improves due to the increase in household income and reduction in working hours. In the meantime, as the standard of living becomes increasingly more comfortable and plentiful, the toll on physical health becomes magnified as a result of obesity and insufficient exercise caused by super nutrition and change in labor conditions (from physical labor to mental labor). This has instigated a deep awareness in fitness on the part of many people, forcing them to recognize the significance of daily exercise and physical activity. The high annual growth rate in the fitness and athletic apparatus market, which is more than 20%, is attributed to this phenomenon. The Elliptical Cross Trainer(ECT), which has drawn wide attention recently, is a non-impact athletic apparatus that not only promotes exercise of the upper body parts in such sports as skiing but also the exercise of lower parts of the body on a treadmill. It is a type of cross training athletic gear that has been developed for aerobic exercise throughout the entire body. It has already formed a market as big as that of the treadmill in Europe, America, etc. Recently, its demand is growing sharply in the Korean markets as well as those in Northeast Asian countries, Despite such demand increase and expansion, since most of the expensive ECTs are exclusively supplied by suppliers in only a few advanced countries, localization of the ECT is urgently required in order to enhance competitiveness of Korean manufacturers and to expand the market. This paper introduces the process and results of a design-engineering cooperative study that was peformed for the development of the ECT.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.31-57
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• 1991

Korean firms of all sizes, from virtually every industry, have used and are using the term "excessive competition" to describe the state of their industry and to call for government interventions. Moreover, the Korean government has frequently responded to such calls in various ways favorable to the firms, such as controlling entry, curbing capacity investments, or allowing collusion. Despite such interventions' impact on the overall efficiency on the Korean economy as well as on the wealth distribution among diverse groups of economic agents, the term "excessive competition", the basis for the interventions, has so far escaped rigorous scrutiny. The objective of this paper is to clarify the notion of "excessive competition" and "over-investment" which usually accompanies "excessive competition", and to examine the circumstances under which they might occur. We first survey the cases where the terms are most widely used and proceed to examine those cases to determine if competition is indeed excessive, and if so, what causes "excessive competition". Our main concern deals with the case in which the firms must make investment decisions that involve large sunk costs while facing uncertain demand. In order to analyze this case, we developed a two period model of capacity precommitment and the ensuing competition. In the first period, oligopolistic firms make capacity investments that are irreversible. Demand is uncertain in period 1 and only the distribution is known. Thus, firms must make investment decisions under uncertainty. In the second period, demand is realized, and the firms compete with quantity under realized demand and capacity constraints. In the above setting, we find that there is "no over-investment," en ante, and there is "no excessive competition," ex post. As measured by the information available in period 1, expected return from investment of a firm is non-negative, overall industry capacity does not exceed the socially optimal level, and competition in the second period yields an outcome that gives each operating firm a non-negative second period profit. Thus, neither "excessive competition" nor "over-investment" is possible. This result will generally hold true if there is no externality and if the industry is not a natural monopoly. We also extend this result by examining a model in which the government is an active participant in the game with a well defined preference. Analysis of this model shows that over-investment arises if the government cannot credibly precommit itself to non-intervention when ex post idle capacity occurs, due to socio-political reasons. Firms invest in capacities that exceed socially optimal levels in this case because they correctly expect that the government will find it optimal for itself to intervene once over-investment and ensuing financial problems for the firms occur. Such planned over-investment and ensuing government intervention are the generic problems under the current system. These problems are expected to be repeated in many industries in years to come, causing a significant loss of welfare in the long run. As a remedy to this problem, we recommend a non-intervention policy by the government which creates and utilizes uncertainty. Based upon an argument which is essentially the same as that of Kreps and Wilson in the context of a chain-store game, we show that maintaining a consistent non-intervention policy will deter a planned over-investment by firms in the long run. We believe that the results obtained in this paper has a direct bearing on the public policies relating to many industries including the petrochemical industry that is currently in the center of heated debates.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.133-162
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• 1995

Paderborn's companies, Wameling and Cassau, produce the liturgical vestments, which have much traditional artistic merit. And Kevelaerer Fahnen + Paramenten GmbH, located in Kevelater which is a place of pilgrimage of the Virgin Mary, was known to Europe, Africa, America and the Scandinavia Peninsula as the "Hidden Company" of liturgical vesments maker up to now. Paderborn and Kevelaer were the place of the center of the religious world and the Catholic ceremony during a good few centries. The Catholic liturgical vestiments of these 3 companies use versatile design, color, shape and techniques. These have not only the symbolism of religion, but also can meet our's expectations of utilization of modern textile art, art clothing and wide-all division of design. These give the understanding of symbolic meanings and harmony according to liturgical vestments to the believers. And these have an influence on mental thinking and induction of religious belief to the non-believers as the recognition and concerns about the religious art. The liturgical vestments are clothes which churchmen put on at the all ceremonial function of a mass, a sacrament, performance and a parade according to rules of church. These show the represen-tation of "Holy God" in silence and distinguish between common people and churchmen. And these represent a status and dignity of churchmen and induce majesty and respect to churchmen. Common clothes of the beginning of the Greece and Rome was developed to Christian clothes with the tendency of religion. There were no special uniforms distinguished from commen people until the Christianity was recognized officially by the Roman Emperor Constantinus at A.D.313. The color of liturgical vestments was originally white and changed to special colors according to liturgical day and each time by the Pope Innocentius at 12th century. The color and symbolic meaning of the liturgical vestments of present day was originated by the Pope St. Pius(1566-1572). Wool and Linen was used as decorations and materials in the beginnings and the special materials like silk was used after 4th century and beautiful materials made of gold thread was used at 12th century. It is expected that there is no critical changes to the liturgical vestments of future. But the development of liturgical vestments will continues slowly by the command of conservative church and will change to simple and convenient formes according to the culture, the trend of the times and the fashion of clothes. The companies of liturgical vestments develop versatile design, embroidery technique and realization of creative design for distinction of the liturgical vestments of each company and artistic progress. The cooperation of companies, artists and church will make the bright future of these 3 companies. We expect that our country will be a famous producing center of the liturgical vestments through the research and development of companies, participation of artists in religeous arts and concerts of church.