• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.335-352
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated and analysed the water quality, distribution of the vegetation and the wildlife to seven wetlands in Donghae city. As a result, most of the wetlands was found to be very poor water quality and some specific pollutants from entering the wetland. A total of 234 taxa on vegetation were identified including 207 species, 24 varieties, 3 formaes, 168 genera and 69 families. 2 species were recorded as designated rare plant of Korea Forest Service. The naturalized plants were 27 species. The urbanization rate of naturalization index was 8.4% and 11.6% respectively. The number of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa was 35 species, 26 families, 12 orders, 5 classes and 3 phylums. Rare species were recorded 3 species. Taxa for fishes were 5 family and 5 species. Endangered wildlife was found 1 species. Most wetlands in Donghae city were the relatively small in size, and some wetlands were separately located from forest and river ecosystems. It was limited inflow and outflow of species into a wetland from the outside. However, various vegetation were found at whole wetlands and some special species also inhabited. The wetlands performed the role as a habitat of wild life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.203-206
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• 2007

부유녹조와 갯버들 및 부레옥잠이 수질에 미치는 영향을 탐구하기 위해 5월 초에서 6월 말까지 실험실 수조의 수질변화를 고찰하면서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같았다. 부영양화가 진행되는 물에 수변식물인 갯버들과 수생부엽식물인 부레옥잠은 상호 혹은 단독으로 작용하여 DO, pH, SS, 탁도, 입자수 농도, Chl a 농도를 어느 시점에서 큰 폭으로 감소시켰고 갯버들과 부레옥잠의 상호작용시 그 효과가 가장 크게 나타났다. 부유녹조 단독으로는 DO와 pH 등을 서서히 감소시켰다. 이 결과로부터 갯버들 및 부레옥잠은 부유녹조와 경쟁관계가 되어 수질개선에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2009

A coastal wetland is the important area of diverse biodiversity as a transitional zone between coast and land. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 310 taxa; 85 families, 212 genera, 278 species, 27 varieties and 5 forma. The halophytes were 14 taxa; Atriplex gmelini, Salsola komarovii, Suaeda asparagoides and so forth. The hydrophytes and hygrophytes were 23 taxa; Boehmeria spicata, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria japonica and so forth. The naturalized plants were 40 taxa; Fagopyrum esculentum, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium ambrosioides and so forth. The specific plants for the floral region were 28 taxa; Pteris multifida, Cyrtomium fortunei, Dryopteris erythrosora and so forth. In future, the flora of coastal wetland will be analyzed in series, and community dynamics and species composition for the halophytes will be studied.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.349-364
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• 2017

Duckweed family (Lemnaceae Martinov), including the genus Lemna L., is a typical floating aquatic perennial plant, and about five genera and 40 species in the family are in wide distribution around the world except the polar regions. The genus Lemna is the smallest and the simplest plant among the angiosperms. It has a characteristic of doubling every three days with fast vegetative propagation, which helps the organisms to increase in rapid growth. As such, the plant is ideal for environmental pollution assessment and toxicity test. Although taxonomists and scholars have used different scientific names for the species, many of them have agreed that there is only one member of species of the genus Lemna in Korea. Paying attention to the external morphological variation observed in the Korean genus Lemna, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis to identify the entity of the Korean Lemna species and to investigate the possibility of two or more members of the species existing in Korea. We determined and aligned the DNA sequences of the atpF-H region of the chloroplast DNA in 37 populations of the nationally distributed Lemna species. The results showed that the sequence length of the cp DNA atpF-H region was 463-483 bp, the length of the aligned sequences was 488 bp, and the number of variation site in nucleotide sequences was 47. There were two types of aligned sequences of the cp DNA atpF-H region from 37 populations of Lemna species in Korea. The maximum parsimony analysis revealed that the Korean Lemna consists of two clades, and one of them had two subclades. The results suggest that, contrary to the general understanding, at least two taxa (L.aequinoctialis, L.minor) exist in Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

The flora, vegetation structure and physico-chemical characteristics of surface sediment were investigated in Paksil-nup wetland of Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 1990~1998. Ranges of the surface sediment characteristics such as pH, conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, and exchangeable Na were 4.36~4.34, $19.0{\sim}1260.0\;{\mu}mho\;cm^{-1}$, 0.01~6.35%, 0.001~0.14%, 0.01~0.31 mg/l00g, 1.01~13.98 ppm, 16.75~143.80 ppm, 0.93~14.85 ppm and 0.21~3.86 ppm, respectively. Percentages of the particle size such as sand, silt, and clay were 13.0~93.3%, 5.4~71.7%, and 0.5~37.5%, respectively. The flora of the study area was composed of 72 families, 182 genera, 223 species, 36 varieties and 2 form or total 261 kinds, and those were 45 kinds of vascular hydrophytes and 216 kinds of vascular hygrophytes. The life form of vascular hydrophytes was classified as 27 kinds (60%) of emergent plants, 8 kinds (18%) of submerged plants, 6 kinds (13%) of free-floating plants and 4 kinds (9%) of floating-leaved plants, respectively. The importance value of Salix nipponica was highest as 123.78 in the shrub and tree layers, and that of Trapa japonica was highest as 16.69 in the herb layer. The vegetation type was divided into two groups according to the association analysis. The vegetation of the littoral zone was classified into 7 associations according to the cluster analysis based on the coverage data. These results showed significant differences with those of stand ordination by correspondence analysis based on the species composition and by PCA based on the sediment properties. Factors affecting the distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes were the gradient of particle size, altitude, and water depth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

The seasonal changes of the flora at three samples sites such as Sockchong, Wang-gung and Chukrim hot spring by drained thermal waters were investigated from 1997 to 1998. Monthly occurrence of plant species in February and October showed more abundantly control site than that of heavy and/or light polluted sites. This trend demonstrated similarly in terms of seasonal changes of leaf area and plant growths, both fresh and dry weight, too. Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb content including plants from Sockchong hot spring site were increased from April to September at test area than that of control, while that was decreased in October. But Zn and Pb content holding plants from Wang-gung hot spring site represented higher test site than that of control. In short impacts on aquatic plants communities by thermal wastewater of sampled area have happened in the season of low temperature, and their restorations have done in summer season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.510-515
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• 2014

Duckweed (Lemna perpusilla J. Torrey) is a typical floating aquatic macrophyte that has been used for evaluating phytotoxicity of toxicants. In this study, we evaluated the responses of duckweed to PAHs and ammonium as toxicants that frequently affect the growth of plants in polluted industrial and agricultural areas. As the duckweed is growing in aquatic environment, the PAHs and ammonium were incorporated into nutrient solution and the fronds were cultured hydroponically. Frond growth was responded differentially to the concentration and type of PAHs. The severe inhibition of frond growth was observed in the treatment of fluorene. Fluoranthene and pyrene, however, showed weak inhibition of frond growth. The latter PAHs that showed weak inhibition did not reduced frond number at the low concentration of 30 ppm. Pigment contents were also responded differentially. Phenanthrene and fluorene reduced chlorophyll content more strongly than fluoranthene and pyrene. Carotenoids, well-known antioxidative compound, was relatively increased at the low concentration of PAHs up to 30 ppm by the treatment of fluoranthene and pyrene, suggesting an increased antioxidative activity in fronds. Ammonium treatment showed higher inhibitory effect even low concentration of 3 mM.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.264-274
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• 2020

This study aims to clarify the diversity and distribution characteristics of plant communities in four small mountain wetlands located in the high altitude area of Cheonchuk Mountain within the Wangpicheon Basin Ecological Landscape Conservation Area in Seomyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. A total of 26 vegetation data were collected according to the Z.-M. school's phytosociological vegetation survey method considering the homogeneity of habitat type and species composition. Four physiognomic vegetation types composed of 9 syntaxa was confirmed through vegetation classification according to dominant correlation and vegetation type classification considering species composition. The Iris ensata var. spontanea-Molinia arundinacea community is a dominant plant community representing the research area. After human use, vegetation is developing through natural transition in a homogeneous location left unattended, but the distribution of other plant communities was rarely observed due to the narrow wetland area. The microtopography and hydrological environment of each wetland were identified as key factors affecting the diversity and distribution of vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of 2 constructed wetlands with different vegetation states (plumpton park wetland and Woodcroft park wetland) for reducing non-point source pollution from small watershed consisted of residential and agricultural area in suburban district of Sydney, Australia. The total nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiency of Plumpton park constructed wetland, composed of stable and dense vegetation, were 38.3% and 26.2% and Woodcroft park constructed wetland having still poor vegetation due to the short time to settle down transplanted plants after construction, showed relatively low removal efficiency of 20.2% and 14.0%. The removal efficiency of inorganic nutrients such as $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4^{-3}$ were higher than total nitrogen and phosphate because plants and microorganisms in rhizosphere of constructed wetlands took up inorganic nutrients shortly. According to the type of wetland inflow, the nutrients removal efficiency of storm water flow was lower than base flow.