• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.821-827
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• 2014

The 4major river project has caused changes in flow and water quality patterns in major rivers in Korea including the Nakdong River where several toxicant release accidents have had occurred. Three dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), was applied to evaluate the effect of geomorphological change of the river on the advection and dispersion patterns of a conservative toxic pollutant. A hypothetical scenario was developed using historical data by assuming a toxic release from an upstream location. If there is a toxic release at the Gumi Industrial Complex, the toxic material would be detected after 2.22 and 9.83 days at Chilgok and Gangjung weir, respectively, in the new river system. It was estimated that they took at least 12 times longer than those with the river conditions before the project. Effect of relocation of intake towers for Daegu Metro City to upstream of Gumi City was also evaluated using the developed modeling system. It was observed that hydraulic residence time would be increased due to decreased flow rate and thus due to lowered water level. However, peak concentration differences were found to be about 2% lower in both places due to increased dispersion effect after the relocation.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.575-593
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• 2012

This paper briefly introduces the scope and objectives of SKB Task 8, which is an international cooperative research project. In addition, the hydraulic behaviors of bentonite buffer focusing on the interactions between bentonite and a rock mass with a joint were investigated using TOUGH2 code as part of a sub-mission of Task 8a. The effects of a rock joint and high capillary pressure of bentonite on the re-saturation properties and pressure distribution in a buffer were identified and successfully incorporated in the TOUGH2 code. Based on the numerical results, it was found that the speed of re-saturation in bentonite surrounded by a rock mass with a joint is 2.5 to 12 times faster than that in a condition without a rock joint, while the degree of saturation in the lower part of the buffer material is generally higher than in the upper part in both the cases of with and without a joint. It can be anticipated that the results obtained from this study can be applied to an estimation of the full saturation time and a determination of optimum thickness with regard to the design of the bentonite buffer in a high level waste disposal system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.482-488
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• 2011

Seadike is a coastal structure constructed in the rear region of the foreshore to maximize its usability by preventing direct effect of wave. The expected construction field is determined under the design wave and tidal condition where minor wave overtopping is anticipated. Thus, the location of seadike is generally fixed at the highest site of the surrounding area with seadike crest height controlling the permissible range of wave overtopping volume. But a lot of times, frontal sand beach of the seadike continuously deforms due to incident waves, resulting failure in maintaining its initial slope. The erosion and deposition of the seadike front cause changes in the crest height and volume of wave overtopping and decrease in the setting depth of the seadike, which endangers seadike region as a result. In this study, the relation of local scouring and setting depth of the seadike front in the run-up region is examined by using 2D hydraulic model tests and numerical simulations by modified SBEACH model. As a result, the study learned that if appropriate boundary condition is applied to the modified SBEACH model, it is possible to create practical estimations on the local scouring at the seadike foot when erosive waves flow into the region.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.248-260
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• 2016

This study was aimed to assess the effect of diverse pollutants control measures suggested in the Chuso basin and its upstream of So-oak stream watershed where are the most concerned areas on the control of algal bloom occurring in Daecheong Reservoir. The control measures were classified as watershed measures and in-reservoir measures, and their effects were simulated using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model. The watershed measures were made up of 1) point sources control, non-point sources control, and their combinations. The in-reservoir measures were supposed to treat sediment at Chuso basin and to install a phosphorus elimination plant (PEP) at the end of So-oak stream. The results showed that the effect of each measure was influenced by the hydrological condition of the year. In wet year, as the contribution of non-point sources increased, the non-point source control measures (NPS1~NPS4) showed more effective compared to other measures, while, the PEP system to eliminate phosphorus from So-oak stream showed better performance in dry year. In particular, the scenario of NPS1, in which all livestock manures were collected and treated but only chemical fertilizers (NPS1) were used for agriculture fields, showed the best performance for the control of algal bloom in Chuso basin among the watershed measures.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.505-530
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• 2006

For the district heating and cooling business, it is required to install energy-saving facilities using energy from waste and land fill gases such as combined heat and power(CHP). The current issues that this business faces can be summarized as below: which facilities including CHP can be economically introduced and how much of their capacities should be. Most of such issues are clearly related to the optimal plant design of the district heating and cooling business, and the prices of energy services such as heating and cooling energy, and electricity. The purpose of this study is to establish linear program model of least cost function and to practice the empirical test on a assumed district heating and cooling business area. The model could choose the optimal type of energy-producing facilities among various kinds available such as CHP's, absorption chillers, the ice-storage system, etc. CHP with the flexible heat and power ratio is also in the set of available technologies. And the model show us the optimal ration of heat producing facilities between CHP and historical heat only boiler in the service area. Some implications of this study are summarized as below. Firms may utilize this model as a tool for the analysis of their optimal size of the facilities and operation. Also, the government may refer the results to regulate resonable size of business.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.305-315
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• 2016

Due to the change from small volume production to small quantity batch production systems, individual companies have been attempting to produce a wide range of operating strategies, maximize their productivity, and minimize their WIP level by operating with the proper cycle time to defend their market share. In particular, using a complex workflow and process sequence in the manufacturing line has some drawbacks when it comes to designing the production strategy by applying analytical models, such as mathematical models and queueing theory. For this purpose, this paper uses three heuristic algorithms to solve the job release problem at the bottleneck workstation, product mix problem in multi-purpose machine(s), and batch size and sequence in batch machine(s). To verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods, a simulation analysis was performed. The experimental results demonstrated that the combined application of the proposed methods showed positive effects on the reduction of the cycle time and WIP level, and improvement of the throughput.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.439-448
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations of sediment oxygen demand (SOD) in Lake Paldang and Lake Chungju of the Han River system and to suggest SOD values as parameters for the water quality prediction models of two lakes. SOD was measured at laboratory using sediment collected at 2 sites in Lake Paldang from June to November and at 4 sites in Lake Chungju from May to November in 2005, respectively. It was found from the laboratory test that the SOD in Lake Paldang ranged from 337.8 to 881.0 mg $O_2m^{-2}d^{-1}$ and in Lake Chungju ranged from 143.0 to 969.1 mg $O_2m^{-2}d^{-1}$. The SOD of Lake Paldang showed similar variations to the content of organic matter of sediment. The SOD of Lake Chungju was positively correlated with temperature (r=0.78, p<0.01), $PO_4-P(r=0.79,\;p<0.01)$, TP (r=0.55, p<0.05), DTP (r=0.55, p<0.05), $NO_3-N$ (r=(0.72, p<0.01) of hypolimnetic water. These results indicate that the SOD of Lake Paldang was affected by the content and origin of organic matter of sediment and the SOD of Lake Chungju was closely correlated with physical and chemical factors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.336-336
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• 2015

일반적인 다목적댐은 홍수 발생 시 본댐으로 유입되는 부유쓰레기 및 잡목 등을 차단하기 위하여 댐 상류에 차단망을 설치하여 1차적으로 사전 방지하고, 홍수기 이후 선박으로 부유물을 수거하여 재활용, 소각 등으로 처리하는 시스템이다. 그러나 본 연구의 대상인 한탄강댐은 홍수조절용 댐으로서 수위 변화 폭이 매우 크고 정상 조건(비 홍수기)시는 대규모 홍수터가 드러나기 때문에 댐 유지관리 방법이 상이하며 한탄강 본류 구간은 하폭과 수심 등 하도의 불규칙성과 만곡부에서 유수의 흐름이 한쪽으로 쏠리는 편기 현상이 발생하는 등 복잡한 수리현상으로 인하여 부유쓰레기의 분포를 판단하기 어려운 지역이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 부유쓰레기의 유동을 모의하기 위하여 HEC-HMS 모형과 $Vflo^{TM}$ 모형을 활용하여 본류와 지류의 빈도별 홍수량 분석을 실시하고, EFDC 3차원 동수역학 모형을 적용하여 홍수조절용지 내 부유쓰레기의 유입 경로 및 정체 구역을 분석하여 효과적인 쓰레기 처리 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 소규모 빈도 홍수(2년, 5년)의 경우 중 상류 지류의 부유쓰레기는 거의 유동하지 못하고 하도의 만곡의 영향을 받아 부분적으로 높은 밀도로 고착될 것으로 모의되며, 특히 본류와의 합류점 부근에 도달한 부유쓰레기는 유로 폭이 급확대되어 유속이 거의 없는 사수역 구간으로 변함에 따라 본류 배수위 영향으로 불규칙하게 맴돌다가 고착되는 것으로 모의되었다. 중규모 홍수(25년, 50년)의 경우, 상류부의 부유쓰레기의 분포는 소규모 홍수 시와 유사한 패턴을 보였으나 중류부에서 홍수파가 본류 하도를 월류하여 홍수터로 넓게 범람하는 지역에서는 소규모 홍수 시 본류 하도 양안에 분포하던 부유쓰레기가 홍수터 쪽으로 밀려가서 고착되는 경향을 보였다. 대규모 홍수(100년, 200년)의 경우, 댐과 인접한 분석 구간 하류부는 댐 배수위의 영향을 가장 크게 받으며 수심이 깊어 흐름이 가장 정체되는 구간으로 본류와 지류 모두 다량의 부유쓰레기가 분포할 것으로 분석되었다. 분석 구간 중류부는 홍수 규모가 증가함에 따라 넓은 홍수터로 침수범위가 급격하게 증가하며 이에 따라 부유쓰레기가 분포할 수 있는 면적이 크게 증가할 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 분석 구간 상류부는 협곡을 이루고 있어 홍수규모가 증가하더라도 침수범위와 부유쓰레기의 분포면적에 큰 변화가 없을 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 댐의 치수 문제가 발생하지 않도록 효과적으로 수거 처리 할 수 있는 부유쓰레기 적치장 및 차단 시설의 적정 설치 위치를 파악하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2023

Climate change affects the safety of river revetments, especially those associated with external flooding. Research on slope reinforcement has been actively conducted to enhance revetment safety. Recently, technologies for producing embankment blocks using recycled materials have been developed. However, it is essential to analyze the impact of block shapes on the flow characteristics of exclusion zones for revetment safety. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of revetment block shapes on the hydraulic characteristics of revetment surfaces through 3D numerical simulations. Three block shapes were proposed, and numerical analyses were performed by installing the blocks in an idealized river channel. FLOW-3D was used for the 3D numerical simulations, and the variations in maximum flow velocity, bed velocity beneath the revetment, and maximum shear stress were analyzed based on the shapes of the revetment blocks. The results indicate that for irregularly sized and spaced revetment blocks, such as the natural stone-type vegetation block (Block A), when connected to the revetment in an irregular manner, the changes in flow velocity in the revetment installation zone are more significant than those for Blocks B and C. It is anticipated that considering the topographical characteristics of rivers in the future will enable the design of revetment blocks with practical applicability in the field.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2015

The present work quantified the growth of young biofilm in a model distribution system that was fed with chlorinated drinking water at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h. Bacterial biofilms grew on the surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) slides at a specific growth rate of $0.14{\pm}0.09day^{-1}$ for total bacteria and $0.16{\pm}0.08day^{-1}$ for heterotrophic bacteria, reaching $3.1{\times}10^4cells/cm^2$ and $6.6{\times}10^3CFU/cm^2$ after 10 days, respectively. The specific growth rates of biofilm-forming bacteria were found to be much higher than those of bulk-phase bacteria, suggesting that biofilm bacteria account for a major part of the bacterial production in this model system. Biofilm isolates exhibited characteristic kinetic properties, as determined by ${\mu}_{max}$ and $K_S$ values using the Monod model, in a defined growth medium containing various amounts of acetate. The lowest ${\mu}_{max}$ value was observed in bacterial species belonging to the genus Methylobacterium, and their slow growth seemed to confer high resistance to chlorine treatment (0.5 mg/L for 10 min). $K_S$ values (inversely related to substrate affinity) of Sphingomonas were two orders of magnitude lower for acetate carbon than those of other isolates. The Sphingomonas isolates may have obligate-oligotrophic characteristics, since the lower $K_S$ values allow them to thrive under nutrient-deficient conditions. These results provide a better understanding and control of multi-species bacterial biofilms that develop within days in a drinking water distribution system.