• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 1998

This study, as an essential research to develope a mountainous runoff model, was conducted to clarify the hydrologic character and water budget equation of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima. Net rainfall quantity division for two species was investigated at Youngsung experiment forest and Yeungnam University for 30 months(Sep. 1995-Jun. 1998). The results were summarized as follows; 1. The percentages of throughfall and stemflow to gross precipitation are 73.8% and 0.8% in the Pinus densiflora, and 76.9% and 3.8% in the Quercus acutissima, respectively 2. In the Pinus densiflora, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.01GP-2.05 ($r^2$=0.54) T$_{f}$ = 0.79Gp - 26.04 ($r^2$=0.92), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp - 28.09 ($r^2$=0.92). Stemflow and throughfall increased in direct proportion to gross precipitation. 3. In the Quercus acutissima, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.03Gp + 12.25 ($r^2$=0.74), T$_{f}$ = 0.78Gp + 19.75 ($r^2$=0.96), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp + 3199 ($r^2$=0.96), respectively. Comparing with two species, gross precipitation has a much larger effect on the stemflow and throughfall of Quercus acutissima than those of Pinus densiflora. 4. In the analysis of intercorrelation between stemflow and throughfall of each species and crown area(CA), diameter at breast height(DBH), and gross precipitation(Gp), correlation coefficient was higher by following order at each species; Gp>CA>DBH on stemflow of Pinus densinora, Gp>DBH>CA on stemflow of Quercus acutissima, and Gp>CA>DBH on throughfall of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima.ssima.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.295-298
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in concentration of heavy metals in throughfall, stemflow and rainfall at the survey area. The Al concentration of Pinus thunbergii forest was 1.3 times higher than those of Quercus acutissima forest at industrial area, and 2.1 times higher at urban area. The Al concentration of stemflow was 2.3 times and 113 times, 4.8 times and 55 times, respectively, higher than those of throughfall, and rainfall at both industrial and urban area. The Al concentration of rainfall was lower at industrial and urban area. The Mn concentration of Pinus thunbergii forest was 2.4 times higher than those of Quercus acutissima forest at urban area. Heavy metal concentrations in rain water were the higher in stemflow, and in the order of throughfall and rainfall. Seasonal changes of heavy metal concentration were the highest on December at industrial area, and were higher in the order of March>June>August. Seasonal changes were not remarkable at urban area. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in the order of Al>Mn>Ni at industrial area, and Mn>Al>Ni at urban area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate vertical movement properties of precipitation passing forest stands (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida stands) in Chunchon, Kangwon-do. The results were as follows: The pH range of precipitation was 4.08∼7.08, and the average pH showed 6.2$\pm$0.7. The average pH of the Pinus densiflora stand showed that the stemflow was 5.9$\pm$0.9, and the throughfall was 6.0$\pm$0.8. The pH value of stemflow and throughfall in the Pinus rigida stand was lower than for the Pinus densiflora stand. Changes of the cation concentrations in two different stands, $Ca^{2+}$, increased more than the $Mg^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, and N $a^{+}$ions. Anions, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ increased more than C $l^{[-10]}$ . Leaching and washout for each species differed by precipitation and influence of tree organs (crown, branch, stem, etc.).etc.).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the different tree species(Q. spp., L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis) about the chemical properties of throughfall and stemflow, to purify the acid rain at Kyung Hee Univ. experimental forest, Gwangju-gun, Kyunggi-do. The water quality of the precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in each forest stands were analyzed chemically. The throughfall pH ranges were Q. spp.(pH 4.96-6.34), L. leptolepis(pH 3.96-6.41) and P. koraiensis(pH 4.11-6.36), and the stemflow pH ranged Q. spp.(pH 4.33-6.05), L. leptolepis(pH 3.59-6.09) and P. koraiensis(pH 3.60-6.13). pH values of throughfall and stemflow to the precipitation were Q. spp. higer than L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis, while distribution range was small. Therefore, buffering capacity about the precipitation in the tree species trended Q. spp. bigger than L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis. Nearly all concentration of dissolved elements were precipitation${\leq}$throughfall${\leq}$stemflow. The cation ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $NH_4{^+}$), and anion($Cl^-$ and $NO_3{^-}$) were increased. Especially the concentration of $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $NH_4{^+}$ and $Cl^-$ were noticeable. In comparing concentration of dissolved elements of throughfall with each tree species, $Ca^{2+}$ concentration was Q. spp.$NH_4{^+}$ was Q. spp.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.113.2-113.2
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• 1999

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.541-554
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to examine the amount of nutrient input by throughfall and stemflow, and the nutrient dynamics by throughfall, stemflow and soil solution among Piuns koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and hardwood forests including oaks at Kwangju-Gun, Kyonggi-Do. A total amount of rainfall during the study period was 1410.1mm. Of the total rainfall, 85% was from throughfall at the L. leptolepis stand, 84.5% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand, 83.2% at the unthinned P. koraiensu stand and 81.2% at the hardwood stand, showing greater throughfall at the conifer stand than at the hardwood stand. Stemflow showed 2.7% of rainfall at the hardwood stand, 1.3% at the unthinned P. koraiensis stand, 1.2% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand and 0.8% at the L. leptolepis stand, showing greater stemflow at the hardwood stand than at the conifer stand. Ion concentration of stemflow was greater than those of rainfall and throughfall. The conifer stand showed higher ion concentration than the hardwood stand both for cation and anion. The ion concentrations of throughfall and stemflow were higher in the descending order : $NH{_4}^+$-N > $K^+$ > $K^+$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ for cations and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ > $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$-N for anions. After the precipitation passed through the canopy, $K^+$ increased most at the hardwood stand, whereas $NH{_4}^+$-N did most at the P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis stands. The ion concentration of soil solution was higher in the descending order : $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ for cations and $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$ > $SO{_4}^{2-}$ for anions. $NH{_4}^+$-N and $K^+$ seemed to be supplied primarily from atmospheric deposition while $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ from weathering.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2005

The amounts and nutrient compositions in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil solution of natural deciduous forests (Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica) were examined in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province. The proportion to gross precipitation was $85\%$ for throughfall, $2-6\%$ for stem flow, $53-54\%$ for Ao horizon soil solution, $23-30\%$ for A horizon soil solution, and $11-14\%$$ for B horizon soil solution, respectively. pH and K concentration increased in throughfall and only K concentration increased in stemflow. Canopy leaching appeared to influence these changes. pH, and Ca and Mg concentrations increased significantly in the Ao horizon soil solution, and Ca concentration was higher in the B horizon than in the A horizon. However, there were no significant differences in pH and other nutrient concentrations between A and B horizons. Litter decomposition and leaching from Ao horizon might explain the changes. K, Mg and Cl concentrations in throughfall and soil solution decreased with precipitation. Nutrient contents increased in the transports from precipitation, through throughfall, to Ao horizon soil solution, while they decreased in the transport from A to B horizon soil solution. Stemflow contained less than $10\%$ of total (throughfall plus stemflow) nutrient contents.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of ions in rainwater by stem flow, through fall and rainfall in Pinus thunbergii forest in Ulsan industrial complex area and Mt. Jiri area. pH of rainwater in Ulsan industrial complex area was low as compared with those in Mt. Jiri area. EC of rainwater in Ulsan industrial complex area was mainly high and there was twice difference in stemflow and through fall as compared to Mt. Jiri area. The concentration of major ions in rainwater, especially $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in stem flow were generally high at Ulsan industrial complex area, while anions were high in the order of ${SO_4}^{2-}>{NO_3}^{-}>Cl^-$ in both areas. There was a wide difference in ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentration in the stem flow between both areas. ${SO_4}^{2-}$ from air pollutants will result into acidification of forest soils and thereafter cause damages on forest ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 1998

This research was conducted to analyze the influence of the environmental factors on water quality such as contents of cation($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) and anion($Cl^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) in rainfall, throughfall, soil water(A and B layer), and stream water at a small forested watershed. Rainfall, throughfall, soil water(A and B layer), and stream water were sampled at the study sites in Kwanak Arboretum, Seoul National University, in Mt. Kwanak for 14 months(Jul. 1, 1996~Aug. 31, 1997). $Cl^-$ content of stream water correlated with that of soil water tire than that of rainfall and throughfall. Also $NO{_3}^-$ content in soil water was correlated with that of rainfall. Cation($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) contents in soil water at layer A and B were significantly correlated with anion($Cl^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) of that. The ratio of the average content of $NO{_3}^-$ to $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in rainfall was 0.66. Accordingly the content of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was higher than $NO{_3}^-$ in rainfall. The amount of anion in stream water was significantly correlated with that in rainfall, throughfall, and soil water. Average content of cation and anion in hydrological processes were decreasing in the following order, soil water(B layer> A layer) > throughfall(Pinus rigida > Prunus serrulata var. spontanea > Carpinus laxiflora) > stream water > rainfall.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

We examined water flux, concentrations and contents in nutrients in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil solution in natural deciduous hardwood forest(Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica) in Chunchon, Kangwon Province. The volume of throughfall was 2∼3% higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. monglica while volume of stemflow, Ao, A and B soil solution was 10∼15% higher in Q. variabilis compared to Q. monglica. Concentrations of K/sup +/ increased in throughfall H while concentrations of Ca/sup 2+/, Mg/sup 2+/ and NO₃/sup -/ increased in Ao soil solution. The former might be related to the canopy leaching and the latter related to leaching and nitrification in Ao horizon. Nutrient concentrations in throughfall, Ao, A and B soil solution decreased with increasing amount of water and especially the decreases in concentrations of K/sup +/, Mg/sup 2+/ and Cl/sup -/ were significant. Nutrient concentrations of Ca/sup 2+/ in Ao soil solution was 1.5 times higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. mongolica. However, there were no significant nutrient concentration differences in throughfall, stemflow and A and B soil solution between the two forest types. Stemflow was less than 10% of total water volume (throughfall + stemflow) to the forest floor, and contribution of stemflow to nutrient cycling seemed to be low in the study forest.