• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.446-451
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• 2019

This study investigated the application of artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis kit for Korean native black goats. Semen was collected by electrical ejaculation, followed by semen analysis and artificial insemination in three goat strains (Dangjin, Jangsu and Tongyoung). Pregnancy was confirmed using a cow pregnancy test kit (IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit) and ultrasound diagnosis. Analysis revealed that semen collected from male Korean native black goats by electrical ejaculation was about 1~1.5 ml in volume, $18{\sim}25{\times}10^8/ml$ concentration, and having > 97% motility. Furthermore, confirmation of pregnancy by pregnancy test kit and ultrasound diagnosis after artificial insemination were similar. In addition, the efficiency of pregnancy was 20~40% for all three strains: Tongyoung was the highest with 44%, followed by Dangjin (%), and Jangsu (20%). This study determines the artificial fertilization efficiency and the feasibility of using a cow pregnancy test kit for early pregnancy diagnosis in Korean native black goats. Although further research is required for validation, the results of the current study contribute to the breeding and improvement of Korean native black goat in research institutions as well as in general farms.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1994

본 연구는 종모우의 선발방법으로 난포란을 이용하여 실험실내 정자의 수정능력을 직접 검정하여 평가코자 시도되었다. 즉 본 실험은 후대검정중에 있는 한우 후보종모우 15두의 동결융해정자의 수정능력을 평가하기 위하여 정액을 고장액(HIS)에 처리한 후 DM에서 6시간 그리고 소 난포액이 20% 첨가된 DM에서 4시간 전배양하여 수정능을 획득시켜 정자의 활력과 첨체 반응율을 조사하였고 전배양된 정자의 체내(토끼 난관) 또는 체외수정능력을 조사하기 위하여 FCS 15%, 발정암소혈정(CSS) 10%가 첨가된 mKRB에서 체외성숙된 한우난포란과 수정시켜 수정능력을 평가하였으며 인공수정에 의한 개체별 수태율과도 비교 검토한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 한우 난포란의 체외성숙율은 BSA 첨가구 에서 43.8%, FCS 15% 첨가구에서 67.4%, CSS10% 첨가구에서 69.9%이었다. 2. 토끼 난관에서 체외수정율은 BSA 참가구에서 43.8%, FCS 15% 참가구 41.2% 및 CSS 10% 참가구 35.0% 이었다. 3. 후보종무우 15두의 정액을 HIS-DM으로 처리후 6시간 전배양하였을 때 정자의 활력지수는 9-32%였고 첨체반응율은 19-44% 이었으며 20% 난포액을 첨가하여 4시간 전배양 하였을 때 정자의 활력지수는 9-13% 이었고 첨체반응율은 20-43%로 개체간에 차이가 있었다. 4. 체외수정율은 6.6-85.7%였으며, 발정암소혈청(CSS) 10%가 첨가된 mKRB에서 성숙시킨 난포란이 FCS 15% 첨가된 mKRB에서 성숙시킨 난포란보다 다소 높았으나, 정자수정능획득방법간에는 차이가 없었 다. 5. 체외수정율에 있어서 전배양후 정자활력지수와는 부의 상관이 었으며, 첨체반응율과는 낮은 정의 상 관을 나타냈다. 6. 종모우의 수태율은 체외수정율, 정자활력지수 및 첨체반응율과 낮은 정의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 7. 종모우의 개체간 수태율 우열순위에서는 수정율순위와의 사이에 더욱 낮은 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 8. 이상의 연구결과 비록 후대정검중의 제한된 자료로 인하여 종모우 수태율과 체외수정율간에 유의적 인 상관관계는 없었으나, 연결 한우 수정율 평가에 대한 실험실내의 검정가능성을 찾을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the breeding status of farms to improve the production efficiency of Hanwoo calf. The study was conducted on 45 farms divided into two groups. This study was conducted to investigate the breeding size and breeding area of Hanwoo cows. The average age at first delivery of Hanwoo was 28.7 months. The number of artificial insemination per pregnancy was $1.45{\pm}0.32$, and the number of artificial insemination days after birth was 119.8 days. Conception rates were $75.2{\pm}16.93%$ for small farms and $70.6{\pm}17.46%$ for medium sized farms and $71.4{\pm}11.03%$ for large farms. When we looked at farming methods, 'the farmers using estrus observation aids' had 10.42% higher calf production rate than the 'unused farmers'. The farms vaccinated with IBR and BVDV for breeding cattle showed a 4.41% decrease in abortion, stillbirth and mortality. According to farming conditions, conception rate and delivery rate improved by 3.47% and 18.29%, respectively, when grazing and exercising were performed. Observation, immunization and grazing were found to be important indicators for improving calf production efficiency in Hanwoo farm. This study can be used as a research data to improve the reproductive rate of farmhouse sites through the survey on the breeding status of Hanwoo farmers.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.109-113
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• 1986

In order to study the changes of pregnancy rates according to the factors, age, season, repeated utilization, synchrony, of recipients (29 holstein heifers, one Korean native heifer and 3 holstein cows) were transfered one embryo (from morulae stage to advanced blastocyst) to each, and the results are as follows ; 1. The effect of age of recipient on pregnancy rate in cows and 18-24months of aged group are 100% and 78%, respectively. Under 14months of aged group recorded the worst, 67%. 2. In winter (Nov.-Jan.) and spring (Feb.-Apr.), the pregnancy rate were better than others 100%, 83%, respectively. In the autumn (Aug.-Oct.), it was only 50%, the worst. 3. Among 31 recipients which were utilized at the first, 25 were pregnanted (80.7%), but in the second utilization after the failure of the first transfering, 2 heifers, none of pregnancy was obtained. 4. Pregnancy rates related to synchronization of estrus between donor and recipients are;-(before donor)12hrs. (100%), -6hrs. (86%), +( after donor)6hrs. (67%), + 12hrs. (79%), and +over 12hrs. (50%), respectively. 5. Differences in the pregnancy rate of the recipients +over 12hrs. were significantly large, so in order to ger good pregnancy rate in embryo transfer, the differences of the synchronization must be reduced inner ${\pm}12hrs$. In general, recipients estrus before donor showed better pregnancy rate than estrus after donor.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

This study was carried out to assess the effect of superovulation response and quality of embryos recovered from donor cows after a single subcutaneous injection of FSH dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Cows were allocated into control and 3 experimental treatment groups. In control, cows were injected intramuscularly 50 mg FSH twice daily for 4 days. Group 1 were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 400 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution. Group 2 were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution. Finally in group 3, cows were injected twice 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution by subcutaneous. Superovulation was initiated by injection of FSH between Day 8 and 14 of the estrus cycle (Day 0, the day of estrus), and followed by injection of 25 mg PGF$_2$$\alpha$ at 48 h after first FSH injection. Cows were then artificially inseminated (AI) with semen twice at 48 and 60 h after PGF$_2$$\alpha$ injection. At 7 days after the second AI, embryos collected non-surgically by flushing the uterine horns and were counted and compared morphologically as being transferable and degenerated among different superovulation treatments. Furthermore, progesterone and estradiol -17 $\beta$ in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay following different treatments at given days All cows of treated groups were observed heat. but control group was showed 77.8%. Superovulation response was observed as 77.8, 87.5, 88.9, and 100% in control, Groups 1, 2 and 3 The mean number of corpus lutea (CL) detected in Group 1 were 19.6, which was, respectively significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other groups (11.1, 13.4 and 7.6, respectively). However, there did not differ on the mean number of total embryos recovered and of transferable embryos between control and treated groups.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to supply excellent genetic resources to livestock farms by transferring embryos produced by genetically superior Korean cows (Hanwoo). Eighty Hanwoo donors were superovulated with gonadotropin ($Folltrpin^(R)\;or\;Antorin^(R)$) for 4 days combined with or without progesterone releasing intravaginal device (CIDR) insertion. The collected fresh or frozen-thawed embryos were transferred to 226 farm recipients. In this study, the effect of CIDR insertion in combination with gonadotropin ($Folltrpin^(R)$) treatments initiated at the random stage of estrous cycle on embryo production was evaluated and compared to conventional superovulation protocol. Moreover, the effect of gonadotropin ($Antorin^(R)$) dose in CIDR-treated Hanwoo donors on the embryo yield was determined. In addition, the effects of embryos (fresh vs. frozen-thawed), embryo transfer person, seasons and farms on the pregnancy rate were evaluated. In Hanwoo donors, CIDR insertion in combination with $Folltrpin^(R)$ treatments regardless of estrous detection resulted in increased numbers of total ova (6.5 vs. 5.8) and transferable embryos (3.9 vs. 3.2) compared to the conventional superovulation protocol (p<0.01). In CIDR-treated Hanwoo donors, the higher dose of $Antorin^(R)$ (36 vs. 28 mg) resulted in the increased number of transferable embryos (8.3 vs. 5.4, p<0.05). The embryos (fresh 43.9% vs. frozen-thawed 23.1%) and embryo transfer person (53.9 vs. $0{\sim}16.7%$) significantly affected the pregnancy rate after embryo transfer (p<0.01). These results suggest that CIDR-based superovulation protocol may be effectively used for production of superior Hanwoo embryos and, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in Hanwoo might be effectively applied for livestock improvement if pregmancy rate with frozen-thawed embryos and embryo transfer skill would be improved.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 1999

Plasma progesterone (P$_4$) concentrations were measured for confirming the estrus observation and for the early pregnancy diagnosis in 130 cows of small farmers. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed from day 30 after artificial insemination to establish the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances of gestational structures in each pregnant stages. Of the 130 cows inseminated, 111 cows (85.4%) were an ovulatory estrus, 12 cows (9.2%) were an unovulatory estrus, and 7 cows (5.4%) were the error of estrus detection, respectively. The accuracy for early pregnancy diagnosis in 111 ovulatory estrus cows achieved when the discriminatory concentration at day 21 after artificial insemination was placed at 3.0 ng-/ml in plasma, was 86.7 % for positive diagnosis and 100% for negative diagnosis, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography were performed to evaluate gestational structures from day 30 after artificial insemination in 83 cows. Pregnant cows were 72 of 83 cows. The characteristic ultrasonography of gestational structures in each gestational stages was as follows. The embryo proper was observed within anechoic fetal fluid between 28 and 40 days after insemination, and amnion and embryonic heartbeat was also detected in this period. Between days 41 and 50, embryo proper was detected as an discriminated from head and body, and forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were also observed in this period. Between days 51 and 60, an embryo proper was clearly discriminated from head and body, and fetal movement, forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were observed in this period. Between days 61 and 70, fetus was completely developed, and fetal skeleton, organs and cotyledon were observed. After day 71, each organs of fetus were rapidly developed and a fetus was partially observed in screen because fetus was too big and larger, These results indicate that plasma P$_4$ determination at days 0,6 and 21 after artificial insemination can be utilized for confirming the estrus observation and for early pregnancy diagnosis. Also, ultrasonography was reliable method for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 30 after artificial insemination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.917-924
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• 1997

Estrus cycle of cow, season and follicldar stimulating treatment, having an effect on the number of follicle, are investigated for the oocyte recovery rate in ovum pick-up(OPU). The number of follicle aspirated and oocyte collected on the different days of estrus cycle(D 4~5, D 9~10 and D 14~15) were not significantly different among the groups. The higher number of viable oocytes were produced on Jan-May(79.0%) than Jun-Aug(33.3%) by OPU in cow. The number of follicle and aspirated oocyte in cows treated FSH or PMSG combined with bovine somatotropin(bST) were 1.2~1.5 times higher than in cows treated alone follicular stimulating hormone(FSH) or pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG). In conclusion, OPU can be repeatedly practiced 2 or 3 times in an estrus cycle. In addition, the high environmental temperature is not good for ovarian function of cow and the bST co-treatment with FSH or PMSG is increasing the number of aspiratable follicle.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

This study was to investigate effect of progesterone ($P_4$) on prostaglandin (PG) synthases and plasminogen activators (PAs) system in bovine endometrium during estrous cycle. Endometrium tissues were collected from bovine uterus on follicular and luteal phase and were incubated with culture medium containing 0 (Control), 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml $P_4$ for 24 h. The $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ synthase (PGFS), $PGE_2$ synthase (PGES), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), urokinase PA (uPA), and PA inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) mRNA in bovine endometrium were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR and PA activity was measured using spectrophotometry. In results, COX-2 was higher at 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group than control group in luteal phase (p<0.05), but, it did not change in follicular phase. Contrastively, PGES was significantly increased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase, but there were no significant differ among the treatments in luteal phase. uPA was no significant difference between $P_4$ treatment groups and control group in both of different phase. PAI-1 was decreased in 20 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase (p<0.05). PA activity was decreased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to other groups in follicular and luteal phase (p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that $P_4$ may influence to translation and post-translation process of PG production and PA activation in bovine endometrium.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.527-535
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to establish a simple vitrification protocols to preserve animal cell lines derived from tissues of livestock that could be recultured. Bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC) were used for the vitrification process using a 0.25 ml straw to increase cryopreservation efficiency. BOEC was cultured from the oviduct of 3.5-day estrus state, and the commercially available polyampholyte StemCell Keep^TM was used as a cryoprotective agent. Using different concentrations, the viability rates of BOEC in 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in freezing media were investigated. Survivability was determined using a differential staining technique using a trypan blue test and a CYTO-13/PI staining protocol. The viability rates of BOEC in the trypan blue test were 5.6±11.8, 12.5±7.2, 53.0±2.7, 85.1±6.9, 79.8±0.6, and 60.7±6.7% with a respective concentration of StemCell Keep^TM. The viability rates in CYTO-13/PI staining were 4.6±2.5, 30.8±12.1, 58.4±2.5, 85.5±1.2, 79.8±0.6, and 71.2±1.2%, respectively. These results indicate that BOEC could be preserved with StemCell Keep^TM without toxicity in a 0.25-ml straw. The optimal concentration of vitrification solution with StemCell Keep^TM was determined to be 50% and can be considered as a proper preservation method for cryobanking.