• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and $ClCl_3$ as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of $ClCl_3$) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Filtration rates and fecal production of freshwater bivalve, Unio douglasiae on two kinds of hibernal diatom communities were measured simultaneously in a laboratory. One community is the Han River (HAN), which dominated by Asterionella Formosa. Stephanodiscus hantzschii (ca. 98% of total phytoplankton). The other community is the Ilgam Lake (IL), which dominated by Synedra ulna, Scenedesmus sp. Microcystis aeruginosa (ca. 82%). The HAN water has higher concentrations of nutrient (TN and TP) and chlorophyll $\alpha$ (Chl-$\alpha$), lower turbidity and conductivity than the IL water. Water sampling for the feeding experiment was conducted in the same day (Jan 15, 2008) and similar time (AM 10:00 for HAN, AM 11:00 for IL). Mussels with the similar size ($0.0{\pm}0.5\;cm$) were collected from the Gunsan and Okgu district (Jeonbuk), and starved in a laboratory for 2 days before the experiment. The experiment comprised CON (no addition of mussel), LOW (addition of mussel at 0.3 indiv. $L^{-1}$), MID (1.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$) and HIGH (2.0 indiv. $L^{-1}$), respectively. With the increment of mussel density and time, the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$ in two diatom communities were clearly decreased; Chl-$\alpha$ of HAN gradually decreased after 1 hour of mussel treatment, while that of IL decreased as soon as mussel introduction. In 7 hours of treatment, the former was removed finally up to about 90% of control, while the later was remained as about 50%. Under the presence of mussel, total phytoplankton density was shifted as the similar patterns to that of Chl-$\alpha$ (r=0.705, P<0.0001), however, there showed the drastic differences following a species. Based on the concentration of Chl-$\alpha$, filtration rate of U. douglasiae averaged 0.266 $L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.115 to 0.442) on HAN and $0.577\;L\;g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ (0.146 to 1.428) on IL water, respectively. There were no differences in feces production among the mussel density in the HAH water (ANOVA, P>0.5), while in IL water, including lots of seston, the HIGH mussel produced the higher fecal materials, over one hundred times of LOW. These results suggest that freshwater bivalve Unio douglasiae have the alternative potential, as a filter-feeder of seston in turbid lake, and a biological controller of diatom bloom in cold stream.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

Chemical composition, mineral compounds, cellular constituents, digestibility for dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and tannin constituents were investigated to evaluate feed value for oak and pine browses to use effectively browses as forest by products. The results of this study were as follows : Crude protein was 6.00∼7.89% for oak browse and 5.15∼6.06% for pine browse sampled through July to October, It gradually decreased in oak browse but not in pine browse as the growth of tree was progressed stages. Crude fat content of oak and pine browse were 1.90∼2.68% and 6.30∼6.33%. Crude fiber content was 33.3∼35.2% for oak browse and 33.7∼34.8% for pine browse and they tended to increase according to the growth stage of trees. Crude ash was 3.13∼2.78% for oak browse and 2.11 ∼1.93% for pine browse, respectively. Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu content were higher in oak browse than those in pine browse, but P, K, Na, Fe, and Zn content were similar each other. Mineral contents were decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Acid detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 47.7∼52.0% and 46.1∼48.1%, and they increased as the tree grew. Neutral detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 64.1∼67.9% and 65.0∼66.5%. NDF content was increased according to the tree growth in pine browse but it was the same in oak browse(P<.05). in vitro digestibility of dry matter was 51.7∼48.4% for pine browse that decreased according to the tree growth(p<.05) and 53.0∼5l.4% for oak browse. Total digestible nutrients of oak browse was 50.9∼52.4% and that of pine browse was 47.7∼51.1% which decreased as the tree grew. Oak browse showed the same relative feeding value(RFV) as pine browse, and it decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Tannin contents was 2.96% for oak browse, 6.27% for pine browse. Tannin contents decreased when browses were dried.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2002

The growth characteristics, forage yields and nutritive values of heading and headless types of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(Sorghum bicolar L.) hybrids were examined to evaluate the adaptability of new cultivars at Suwon and Chunahn for two years from 2000 to 2001 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eleven cultivars of heading type and 4 cultivars of headless type were used in this study. The dry matter(DM) yield of AG 2501 was highest in the heading type cultivars, and PAC F8350 in the headless type cultivars, respectively. The DM yields of heading types were slightly higher than those of headless types but there were not significantly different. Early growth and regrowth characteristics of heading type was highest in AG 2501 and GW 9110G, respectively. GW 9110G and DMD were early heading types, and AG 2501 and GW 9161F were middle heading types. AG 2501 was longest and GW 9161F was shortest in plant height. Cultivars with long leaf length were appeared to be larger fur leaf width and stem diameter. Brix content was highest in DMD as 9.7%, and disease and insect resistances were not significantly different among the heading types. Early growth of headless type cultivar, PAC F8350 was slightly lower than that of Jumbo but stronger in regrowth, wider in leaf width and stem diameter, and stronger in lodging. Comparisons of growth characters between heading and headless types of cultivars were not easy in general but between them, brix contents of heading types ranging from 6.7 to 7.9% were greatly higher than those of headless types ranging from 3.6 to 3.9%. Nutritive values such as crude protein, ADF, NDF and digestibility of headless type cultivars were higher than those of heading types. In conclusion, of heading type cultivars, GW 9110G, AG 2501, DMD and GW 9161F, and of headless type cultivars, Jumbo and PAC F8350 were recommended as high yielding cultivars with good adaptability in domestic environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 1988

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shading degrees (0: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasture species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. The experiment was performed at LES in Suwon. 1985. 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shading, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fiber in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grown in spring showed higher digestibility than those grown in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are increased. 5.The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2$=0.90**, TEX>$r^2$=0.95**), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6 Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 1978

To study about the effect of harvested stage and physical treatment such as wilting or chopping of plant material on the quality of silage, Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum) harvested at pre-headed or heading stage and Seombadi(Dystaenia takesimana Nakai) harvested at pre-flowering stage, were used for the purpose. The materials were treated in four different ways which were a) non-treated, b) one day-wilted, c) chopped with 1 to 2cm length and d) wilted and chopped, and those were ensiled in plastic containers and stored at room temperature for three months. After three months of storage, it was investigated and obtained the following results. 1) Having 6.31 of NFE/CP ratio and low content of crude fiber, Seombadi contained more suitable constituents for silage than Italian ryegrass. 2) Under the non-treated or chopped condition, the loss of NFE was higher, and lower with wilted material. 3) Wilting or chopping improved DM digestibility. 4) Compared with Italian ryegrass harvested at pre-headed stage, the storage amount per unit volume of heading stage-Italian ryegrass and Seombadi were higher 8% and 69% respectively, and wilting and/or chopping increased the storage amount 41 to 134%. 5) The majority of weight loss during storage was observed at 1st week after ensiling, it continued slightly until 4th week. The highest loss in 8th week were 3.76% of nontreated material. 6) One day wilting increased DM content of silage 23 to 131%. Wilting and chopping increased pH and lactic acid improved the quality considerably. 7) The correlation between $NH_3$ and butyric acid, and between lactic acid and DM were r=0.782**, r=0.634** respectively. The regression equation were y=12.853X+4.908 (X=butyric acid), y=0.016X+1.309(X=DM content), respectively. 8. The above results indicate that it is necessary to wilt or chop material to make good quality silage from Italian ryegrass, and such treatment can improve the quality of silage with Seombadi also.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2009

The experiment was carried out from January through December in 2008 at Chungnam National University and the Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station, NIAS. The experimental animals were twelve dairy goats (female, $30{\pm}1.8kg$), twelve Korean native Boats(female, $24{\pm}2.4kg$) and five sika deer(female, $92{\pm}5.2kg$). A total of 11 different types of hay and straw were tested in this study: such straw imported from USA in 2006 as annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass, and such hay imported from USA in 2007 as alfatfa, bermudagrass, timothy, kleingrass, oat and orchardgrass, and such domestic hay as mixed hay There were significant differences in chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) among the various types of imported hay and straw (p<0.05). Besides alfalfa hay and orchardpass hay all of the imported hay contained lower crude protein (CP) and IVDMD but contained higher neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) than the domestic hay. According to the kinds of the imported hay, relative feed value (RFV) made the difference and the hay grades were ranged from 4 to 5, based on the RFV. According to the kinds of the imported hay, there were markedly differences in dry matte. (DM) intake and palatability ranking among dairy goats, Korean native goats, and sika deer. DM intake and palatability ranking were high in common between orchardgrass hay and bermudagrass hay, but Kentucky bluegrass straw, tall fescue straw, perennial ryegrass straw and annual ryegrass straw were proved to be very low in DM intake and palatability ranking. In conclusion, the quality and palatability among the imported hay that was tested in the study were quite variable and lower than expected. It is required to establish a better feed evaluation system for the imported hay.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity in introduced forage pea cultivars at the experimental field. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The forage pea used in this study were two cultivars ('Livioletta', 'Austrian Pea') and one Chinese milk vetch cultivar (Chinese domestic cultivar). Flowing of 'Livioletta' cultivar was May 16th and 'Austrian Pea' cultivar was 18th May, 20 days later than the former. The 'Livioletta' cultlvar showed stronger than winter hardiness of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. Dry matter (DM) content of 'Liviotetta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars were 22.5% and 20.9% chinese milk vetch showed the lowest content with 17.7%. 'Austrian pea' cultivar showed the highest DM yield with 5,617 kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Livioletta' cultivar was low with 3,652 kg/ha. The yield of CP (crude protein) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) set high at 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. And 'Livioletta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars showed CP content with 15.5% and 14.4% but Chinese milk vetch with 19.3%. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar were 23.2% and 40.3%. Therefore 'Austrian pea' cultivar seems to be suitable varieties in paddy field as winter forage crops.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2017

This study was carried out to introduce of agronomic characteristics, forage yields and quality of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids 'Cadan 99B' and 'Sweet Sioux WMR' from 2015 to 2016 in middle and southern regions of Korea. The field experiment design was complete in seven varieties with three repetitions. Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids were sown on mid-May in middle region, and end-May in southern region of Korea, in 2015 and 2016. The observed average heading date of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were July 22. The heading dates of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 8 days earlier than SX-17 and 5 days earlier than brown mid-rid (BMR) Revolution. The sugar contents of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.5 and $6.9Brix^{\circ}$, respectively. Comparison with BMR variety, the sugar contents of Candan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 0.2 and $0.6Brix^{\circ}$ higher than Revolution, respectively. The average of dry matter (DM) yield for 2 years and 2 regions of Cadan 99B (24,587kg/ha) were the highest among the seven varieties, but there was no significant difference among other varieties except headless control variety Jumbo (19,119kg/ha) and LATTE (20,778kg/ha) (p>0.05). The crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Cadan 99B were 7.5% and 60.2%, and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.9% and 60.7%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR are earlier heading dates and higher than SX-17, and high yields of DM in middle and southern regions of Korea.