• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1310-1314
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• 2012

Gastrointestinal digestibility of new proteins inserted in the food supply is a significant parameter for assessing the safety of GM foods based on the assumption that digestive stability is undesirable. In this study, we performed in vitro digestion of CP4EPSPS, a new protein, expressed in genetically modified (GM) soybean in order to evaluate its digestibility in three different ratios of simulated gastric fluid with preheating. Ratios of GM soybean to simulated gastric fluid were 2:2, 2.5:1.5, and 1.5:2 and preheating was conducted at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Electrophoresis and Western blotting were used to confirm changes in soybean protein patterns and CP4EPSPS gene expression after in vitro digestion. At ratios in which the amount of gastric fluid was equal to (2:2) or relatively higher than that of soybean (1.5:2), no CP4EPSPS (47.4 kDa) protein was detected after 15 seconds of simulated gastric fluid incubation, the earliest time interval evaluated. However, when the ratio of GM soybean to gastric fluid was 2.5:1.5, CP4EPSPS was detected in 5 min and gradually decreased according to time. After preheating, no CP4EPSPS protein was detected after 15 seconds under all conditions. From these results, we concluded that the digestibility of CP4EPSPS in simulated gastric fluid increased upon preheating. Accordingly, we suggest that it is important to account for the ratio of gastric fluid to GM food in in vitro digestibility assessment models of GM food.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2003

For the Exp. 1, a total of sixty pigs (10.57$\pm$0.30kg average initial body weight) were used in a 15-d growth assay to determine the effect of dietary $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase and $\beta$-1,4-mannanase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (corn-dried whey-SBM based diet), 2) EC0.1 (CON diet+0.1% enzyme complex of $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase and $\beta$-1,4-mannanase). Through the entire experimental period, gain/feed of pigs fed EC0.1 diet was higher (0.43 vs 0.52) than that of pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). Pigs fed EC0.1 diet showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in dry matter (74.82% vs 82.41%) and nitrogen (70.59% vs 77.88%) digestibilities compared to pigs fed CON diet. For the Exp. 2, a total of thirty six pigs (22.30$\pm$0.45kg average initial body weight) were used in a 30-d growth assay to determine the effects of dietary $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase and $\beta$-1,4-mannanase in low energy diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments included 1) AME (adequate ME diet), 2) AME+EC0.1 (AME diet+0.1% enzyme complex) and LME+EC0.1 (low ME diet + 0.1% enzyme complex). Through the entire experimental period, average daily feed intake of pigs fed enzyme complex supplemented diets was higher than that of pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). Also, pigs fed AME+EC0.1 diet showed significant (P<0.05) increase in ADFI (1,401g vs 1,733g) compared to pigs fed CON diet. Pigs fed enzyme complex supplemented diet showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities compared to pigs fed CON diet. In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the supplementation of $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase and $\beta$-1,4-mannanase was an effective means for improving growth performance and dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities in nursery and growing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of probiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio (30:70 and 70:30), for the establishment of their more efficient feeding management system. The probiotics employed in this trial were mixtures of different microbial species, which consisted of Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus. Additional levels of probiotics to each F:C ratio (70:30 or 30:70) were 0 and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, twelve Korean black male goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats per treatment and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Dry matter (DM) intakes were not affected by dietary F:C ratio and probiotics. Digestible DM amounts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, but they were not affected by probiotics addition. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight and their ratio per body weight had a similar trend to DM intakes with no significant difference by F:C ratio and probiotics addition. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) increased with decreasing levels of forage in the diet, but it was not affected by probiotics addition. Urinary nitrogen loss was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with decreasing levels of dietary forage, but there was no significant difference between probiotics-supplemented and unsupplemented groups within the same F:C ratio. On the contrary, nitrogen retention was decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, and probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio showed slightly increasing trends in the nitrogen retention. From the above results, probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio did not have the significant influence on feed intakes, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Consequently, these parameters of Korean black goats were dominated rather by F:C ratio than by dietary probiotics.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary direct-fed microbials(DFM) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred eighty eight broiler chickens were randomly allocated into six treaments with four replications and fed for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) DFM-1(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri), 3) DFM-2(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 4) DFM-3(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 5) DFM-4(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Yeast), 6) DFM-5(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Bacillus subtilis). During the period of 1∼3weeks, average daily gain (ADG) and Feed/Gain were not significant different among treatments. In the later(3∼5weeks) and overall period(l∼ 5weeks), ADG and Feed/Gain tended to be improved in DFM treatments compared to the control. However, there were no significant differences among DFM complexes and between control and DFM treatments. The broilers fed DFM-3 diet was showd poor growth performance compared to the broilers fed DFM-l diet and similar to the broilers fed DFM-2 diet but there was no significant differences. The treatments of DFM-4 diet added Yeast and DFM-5 added Bacillus subtilis were improved in ADG and Feed/gain but no significant differences were found and also there was no specific DFM treatments in experiment period. In digestibility, the broiler chicks fed DFM treatments tended to improve N digestibility compared to control treatment. However, they were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, DFM tended to improve growth performance in later stage of broiler.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.624-631
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• 1996

This study describes extinguishment mechanism of the purely buoyant diffusion flame using the water spray. Experiments are systematically carried out for the oul pool fire with the six different atomizing nozzles. From the measurement of burning rate which represents the combustion intensity of fire, it is observed that the water spray is able to act to enhance fire rather than to extinguish fire. The air entertainment due to the water spray is visualized to understand this phenomenon, acting to enhance fire. In order to observe effects of droplet size on fire extinguishment, and amount of water which reaches the flame base, fuel surface, and mean diameter of droplets are measured. When water droplets are too small, they do not reach the flame base because they can the water spray having too small doplets is ineffective for extinguishment of the oil fire.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 1997

Endoscopic diagnosis and medical management from K43 and C45 patients, whose sex, occupation, character and life patterns are quite different each other, were discussed. The K43 was patient with erosive gastritis, which may caused by maldietary habits and life stresses. Although the effective drugs such as H2-receptor antagonists with atacids, H+/K+-pump inhibitors, prokinetics, colloidal bismuth, and sucralfates, were administrated for long time, symptomatic relief of abdominal pain was not improved. The tests of clinical phathology and abdominal sonogram were normal, visceral hypersensitivity was appeared from barostat test of stomach. However C45 had taken headache during every day life, and endoscopically confirmed as a gastric·duodenal ulcer patiant, which may caused by chronic use of NSAIDs. The her ulceric symptoms were suppressed from active stage to healing stage by using combination therapy for H. pylori with traditional antipeptic ulcer drugs, where as amitriptyline was administrated to the K43 but not effective. Nonulcer dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome is pooly defined, and affect about 15% of the population annually in U. S. A. but don't seek medical care. Author would like to point out that statistics for visceral pains are absent in Korea.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.107-112
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• 1994

철강구조물들이 화염에 노출될 경우 그 강도가 급격히 저하되어 화재시 건물자체가 붕괴되는 대형재해를 유발할 우려가 있다. 따라서, 화재시 그 내부의 철강구조에 열전달을 차단해 조기붕괴 를 막고 소화가능시간을 늘인다는 점에서 우수한 내화피복제의 개발은 중요한 과제라 하겠다. 융해성 규산염에 기초한 무기질 방화 피복제들은 불에 누출될 때 포비하거나 팽창하는 성질이 있으며화염에 대해 독성물질의 방출이 적을 뿐만 아니라 공급면에서도 풍부하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 Potassium- 규산염 피복제들의 몰비율의 변화에 따른 열특성, 용해도, 결정구조 및 포비도 등이 내화 피복제의 물리적 특성과 화학적 성질에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.257-260
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• 1999

죽염은 우리 민족이 오래 전부터 각종 염증 및 소화기 계통의 질병을 치료하기 위해 만들어 온 '민속 약'이다. 죽염의 기원은 우리나라의 오랜 민간요법의 전통에서 비롯된다. 본래 한국에는 소금을 볶아서 쓰거나, 대통 속에 넣고 한두 번 구워서 체했을 때나 소화가 잘 안될 때, 상처가 났을 때 지혈제나 소독제, 이를 닦는 재료 등으로 써 왔다. 이 민간요법은 지금도 한국의 경상남도 일부 지방에 남아 있는데, 이를 '구염' 또는 '약소금'이라 불렀다.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 2012

The nanocomposites containing graphene oxide flakes were prepared in order to improve the mechanical properties of artificial marbles based on poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) matrix. Graphene oxide flakes were prepared from graphite by oxidation with Hummers method followed by exfoliation with thermal treatment. Surface of graphene oxide flakes were modified with oxyfluorination in various oxygene:fluorine compositions to improve the interfacial compatibility. The nanocomposites containing graphenes modified with oxyfluorination in the oxygen content of 50% and higher showed the significant increase in flexural strength, flexural modulus, Rockwell hardness, Barcol hardness, and Izod impact strength. The morphology of fractured surface showed the improved interfacial adhesion between PMMA matrix and the graphenes which were properly treated with oxyfluorination. The mechanical properties of nanocomposite were deteriorated by increasing the content of graphene above 0.07 phr due to the nonuniform dispersion of graphenes.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.134.2-134.2
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• 1981