• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.315-338
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the situation of bi-polarized consumption in China before and after the global financial crisis, to find the factors causing bi-polarized consumption, and to suggest some policies for Korean enterprises. The findings are as follows. First, before the global financial crisis, in China, there were bi-polarized consumption among classes, and between urban and rural areas, and bi-polarization of individual consumption. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods increased more than that of middle price goods. Second, after the global financial crisis, the trend of bi-polarized consumption in China is stronger than those of other countries. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods in China increase more than in other countries. Third, the factors causing bi-polarized consumption are bi-polarized income, black and grey incomes, "Mianz" culture, the increase of unemployment, and the changing form of family. Especially, the level of formal income is not only high, but the level of black and grey income is also very high. And "Mianz" culture means the conspicuous consumption. The degree of the conspicuous consumption of China is very high in comparison with other countries because "Mianz" culture is strong. Finally, the paper suggests strategies appropriate for bi-polarized consumption with Chinese characteristics.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.215-242
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• 2010

This study constructs a bayesian neoclassical DSGE model that applies oil usage. The model includes technology shocks, oil price shocks, and shocks to energy policies as exogenous driving forces. First, this study aims to analyze the roles of these exogenous shocks in the Korean business cycle. Second, this study examines the effects of long-term changes in the energy consumption structure, including the reduction in oil use as a share of energy consumption and improvement in oil efficiency. In the case of oil price shocks, results show that these shocks exert recessionary pressure on the economy in line with those obtained in the previous literature. On the other hand, shocks to energy policies, which reduce oil consumption per capital, result in opposite consequences to oil price shocks, decreasing oil consumption. Also, counterfactual exercises show that long-term changes in the energy consumption structure would mitigate the contractionary effects of oil price shocks.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 1987

본고(本稿)에서는 소비지출(消費支出)을 상이(相異)한 가구특성(家口特性)을 지닌 단위가구(單位家口)의 소비지출(消費支出)로 환산(換算)하기 위한 지수(指數)(디플레이터), 즉 상이(相異)한 가구특성(家口特性)들을 지닌 도시가구(都市家口)의 동등화소비단위(同等化消費單位)를 추계(推計) 분석(分析)하였으며 이를 위하여 "조르겐슨-슬레스닉"의 모형(模型)을 적용(適用)하였다. 특징적(特徵的)으로 나타난 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 품목별(品目別) 동등화소비단위(同等化消費單位)나 총화(總和) 동등화소비단위(同等化消費單位) 모두 가구주(家口主) 직종별(職種別)로는 일용근로자(日傭勤勞者), 자영업자(自營業者), 봉급자(俸給者)의 순서로 높아지고 가구원수(家口員數)는 3명(名)에서 4명(名)으로 느는 데 따라 크게 증가되고 있다. 둘째, 가구원수(家口員數)의 증가(增加)에 따른 동등화단위(同等化單位)의 증가와 일관성 있게 가구주(家口主) 연령별(年齡別)로는 자녀(子女)를 한두 명 두게 되는 25~29세(歲)의 연령층(年齡層)에 유의(有意)한 동등화단위(同等化單位)의 증가가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 지출항목별(支出項目別)로는 광열비(光熱費)와 수도료(水道料)를 제외한 모든 지출비용(支出費用)에서 소비생활(消費生活)에 있어서 규모(規模)의 경제(經濟)가 나타난 바 이러한 광열비(光熱費)와 수도료(水道料)의 추정결과(推定結果)는 우리나라에 있어서 누진적(累進的)인 요율체계(料率體系)에서 기인(基因)한 것으로 해석된다. 이 연구(硏究)가 함축하는 가장 큰 정책적(政策的) 의미(意味)는 일용근로자가구(日傭勤勞者家口)의 동등화소비단위(同等化消費單位)가 가장 낮음으로써 같은 수준의 경제성장률(經濟成長率)을 전제하더라도 이들에게 소득(所得) 및 소비(消費)의 증대(增大)가 일어나면 국민경제(國民經濟) 전체로서의 복지후생수준(福祉厚生水準)이 가장 크게 향상될 수 있음을 함축하고 있는 데 있다.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The way-lookup cache and the way-tracking cache are considered to be the most energy-efficient when used for level 1 and level 2 caches, respectively. This paper proposes an energy-efficient set-associative cache using the bi-mode way-selector that combines the way selecting techniques of the way-tracking cache and the way-lookup cache. The simulation results using an Alpha 21264-based system show that the bi-mode way-selecting L1 instruction cache consumes 27.57% of the energy consumed by the conventional set-associative cache and that it is as energy-efficient as the way-lookup cache when used for L1 instruction cache. The bi-mode way-selecting L1 data cache consumes 28.42% of the energy consumed by the conventional set-associative cache, which means that it is more energy-efficient than the way-lookup cache by 15.54% when used for L1 data cache. The bi-mode way-selecting L2 cache consumes 15.41% of the energy consumed by the conventional set-associative cache, which means that it is more energy-efficient than the way-tracking cache by 16.16% when used for unified L2 cache. These results show that the proposed cache can provide the best level of energy-efficiency regardless of the cache level.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.195-217
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• 2018

Inaction inertia effect refers to the phenomenon wherein people who missed attractive opportunities in the past do not take any action when they are given the opportunity to receive discounts (sale). The main objective of this study was to find out how such inaction inertia effect influenced the expected regret from the action, expected regret from inaction, and purchase intention depending on the two types of consumption purposes-for pleasure and for practical use. As the personal disposition of each consumer differs from one another, it was expected that habitual purchase behavior and maximization behavior would influence the inaction inertia. An experiment was thus conducted by using a scenario to satisfy the objective of this study. Results showed that in the case of consumers whose consumption purpose was for pleasure, those who habitually purchased the same brand showed a higher level of expected regret from the action and expected regret from inaction. In the case of maximization behavior, no differences were found in the expected regret from the action between practical consumption purpose and pleasurable consumption purpose. On the other hand, differences were found in the level of expected regret from inaction, which is the case wherein consumers who missed their first opportunity to receive discounts (sale) did not make any purchase on their second opportunity for discounts (sale). Thus, inaction inertia was shown in accordance with habitual purchase behavior in the case of consumption purpose for pleasure, but it was not clearly shown in the case of consumption for practical use. This is because there is a relatively low level of justification on consumption, in the case of consumption for practical use. On the other hand, it was found that consumers with maximization behavior felt a stronger sense of regret in the case of their expected regret for inaction in consumption for practical use than in consumption for pleasure. Also, with regard to purchase intention, it turned out that only consumers with pleasurable consumption purpose had purchase intentions. Through these study results, it would be necessary to consider the consumption purpose behind the purchase of products or services, with regard to inaction inertia, depending on personal dispositions. In accordance with these study results, several theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1128-1136
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• 2017

Previous studies of the caffeine consumption pattern were limited primarily to beverages containing caffeine. Therefore, this study examined the caffeine consumption patterns and levels in beverages and foods containing caffeine among high school students (n=310) in the Yongin region. The participants included 171 boys (55.2%) and 139 girls (44.8%). The daily mean caffeine intake of the respondents was 41.27 mg (0.651 mg/kg) and 36.47 mg (0.696 mg/kg) in boys and girls, respectively. Among the caffeinated food groups, coffee had the highest caffeine intake group in both boys (18.95 mg) and girls (26.28 mg). Girls consumed large amounts of caffeine in the form of Americano-style coffee (20.04 mg), whereas boys consumed more canned coffee (6.77 mg) than girls (2.43 mg, P<0.01). Carbonated soft drinks were the second most prevalent source of caffeine intake in both groups, even though boys (14.29 mg) consumed larger amounts of caffeine than girls (5.85 mg, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis investigating the major contributing food group to daily total caffeine intake also showed that the highest standardized coefficient was in coffee regardless of gender (boys 0.492, P<0.001 and girls 0.944, P<0.001), followed by carbonated soft drinks and energy drinks. Approximately 95% of high school students consumed normal levels of caffeine, whereas 3.5% of boys and 5.8% of girls consumed excessive amounts based on the standard limit of Korea Food and Drug Administration (<2.5 mg/kg/d) for adolescents. The daily mean caffeine intake of the excess group was 5.38 mg/kg and 6.96 mg/kg in boys and girls, respectively. Consequently, safe daily caffeine intake needs to be determined throughout continuous national management guidelines and nutritional education.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The parking guidance system can increase driver's convenience with detailed parking information service, but it continuously consumes electrical energy with large amount of sensors, displays and control modules. With the increase of the demand for green and sustainable building design, it becomes a meaningful issue for parking guidance system to reduce operating power. This paper presents the preliminary design and estimated results of a parking guidance system which is optimized to reduce the power consumption mainly on detectors and displays. The system design is based on commercial wireless parking detectors, wireless-loop-detector and earth-magnetic-detector. We have performed system architecture design, communication network design, parking information service scenario planning, battery life regulation and at last operating power estimation. With the 7 years of battery replace cycle, the estimated result for power consumption of designed system was 0.33W/slot, which is 13% of the traditional system's estimation result. The estimated annual maintain cost was similar to the traditional ultrasonic sensor based system's. The low power operable designed system can be expected to reduce CO2 emission.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.111-122
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• 2016

This research was performed to investigate mother's influence on their children's dietary life. We surveyed 312 elementary school students and their mothers in kyungpook province, and analyzed the responses using SAS 8.0 statistical program. The results showed that mothers' consuming behavior of processed foods was closely related to their children's dietary life. In detail, mother's preference, eating frequency, positive recognition on processed foods negatively affect on their children's dietary habit and snacking behavior. Also, the children whose mother has higher preference on processed foods showed significantly higher preference on cereals(p<0.05), fast foods(p<0.001), and carbonated beverages(p<0.001). Interestingly, mother's influence was stronger on children's eating frequency than preference of processed foods. The children whose mother has higher preference and eating frequency of processed foods ate significantly less vegetables(p<0.001), milk products(p<0.05), and more cereals(p<0.001), noodles(p<0.001), confectionary(p<0.001), fast foods(p<0.01), carbonated beverages(p<0.01). These results show that mothers' consuming behavior of processed foods significantly influences on their children's dietary life, which suggests the importance of mother's reasonable consuming attitude and behavior on dietary life. To promote children's healthy dietary life, therefore, the education programs for parent and children should be developed and practically used at school.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-144
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• 1995

통일기금의 목적은 현재의 소비를 줄이고 총저축(정부저축+민간저축)을 증가시키는 것이다. 그럼으로써 현재의 부(富)를 통일(統一)이 되는 시점으로 이전(移轉)시키고자 하는 것이다. 과연 이 목적은 달성될 수 있는가? 본 연구는 이에 대한 이론적인 분석을 시도하고 있다. 국채(國債)를 발행하여 조세의 부과시점(賦課時點)을 달리하더라도 경제주체의 소비수준은 변화하지 않는다는 주장이 있다(대등정리(對等定理), Ricardian Equivalence Theorem). 통일기금(統一基金)을 조성하는 것도 국채발행(國債發行)과 비교하여 부(富)의 이전방향(移轉方向)이 다를 뿐 징세시점(徵稅時點)의 변화라는 점은 동일하다. 따라서 대등정리에 의하면 통일기금의 목적은 달성될 수 없다. 조성된 통일기금만큼 민간 저축이 감소하기 때문이다. 그러나 통일기금에는 국채(國債)와 구별되는 두가지 본질적인 특징이 있다. 통일시점과 통일비용이 모두 불확실하다는 점이다. 이 두가지 불확실성은 미래의 가처분소득을 불확실하게 한다. 이와 같이 미래소득이 불확실할 때에는 대등정리가 성립하지 않는다는 것이 종래의 연구결과였다. 그러나 본고(本稿)는 2기(期) 중첩세대모형(重疊世代模型)(Overlapping Generations Model)을 이용하여 이 두가지 불확실성에도 불구하고 여전히 대등정리(對等定理)가 성립함을 보이고 있다. 즉 통일기금은 민간저축을 감소시키므로 총저축을 변화시키지 못한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2008.06b
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• pp.464-468
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• 2008

본 논문은, H,264/AVC 비디오 코덱의 저전력용 CAVLC 디코더를 위한 coeff_token 회로의 면적을 최적화 한 설계를 제시한다. CAVLC 디코더의 전력 소비를 줄이기 위해서 coeff_token 회로에서의 메모리 참조 빈도수를 줄이는 여러 가지 방법이 제안되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 저전력용으로 개발된 coeff_token 회로 중 가장 전력 소비가 낮은 방식의 메모리 구조와 수식 계산 회로를 변형시켜서 전력 소비를 같은 수준으로 유지하면서도 면적을 더욱 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. 본 연구결과를 삼성 0.18 um 공정을 대상으로 합성한 결과 기존 방식에 비해서 1.1% 면적이 줄어드는 성과를 거두었다.