• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.3-17
• /
• 2017

This study ranks by developing an urban competitiveness index of major global cities, including seven cities in Korea using data from the Global Cities Forecast (2013) provided by Oxford Economics. The City competitiveness index is selected from 18 indicators including scale index, ratio index, growth rate index while Gini coefficient is used for distribution index. In order to analyze the relationship between the competitiveness index and the distribution index, we use the LOGIT panel regression model. As a result, the increase in income inequality (Gini coefficient) has a negative effect on the economic growth rate in 5-year time lag shown statistically significant. We have compiled global rankings of 770 city competitiveness based upon 19 indicators by combining the global competitiveness index and the distribution index. The trend of rank shows that 7 Metropolitan Korean Cities are expected to decline substantially over the period. In particular, Seoul ranked $59^{th}$ in 2010 and $74^{th}$ in 2015. Its ranking is expected to be decline to $185^{th}$ in 2030. The declining competitiveness of Korean cities is expected to lead to a weakening of Korea's national competitiveness in the long run. Accordingly, it is imperative to identify problems and seek strategic plans to secure global urban competitiveness.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.289-309
• /
• 2013

Social enterprise has moved from periphery to take center stage. Social enterprises are a truly global phenomenon and associated with solving social problems with business approaches. While the numbers of social enterprises have grown and their impact is likely to continue to do so, it would be dangerous to assume that the revolutionary momentum will automatically continue, because social enterprise faced sustainability challenges. This study collected the data from directory of Korean Social Enterprise to conduct a quantitative research on the growth of social enterprise in South Korea. This study conducted longitudinal analysis of 491 social enterprise certified between 2007 and 2010, of economic performance with financial index and social impact with employment structure. Though global financial crisis, Korean social enterprises show that there is a considerable increase in all of quantitative and qualitative aspects. Korean social enterprises have provided meaningful work to those normally excluded from the labour market and tried to raise their life of working. In the future, Korean social enterprises should find a way to balance social and financial performance and ensure the sustainability of the business.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.133-157
• /
• 2012

This study analyzed plans for retirement by focusing on preferred retirement timing(PRT) measure. Current pension program show rather strong guideline about the timing of full-retirement. This study asked whether the middle age group are willing to retire correspond to the policy guidelines or not. Research sample came from 2008 KLOSA data, recruiting 1,367 workers who are residing in cities or in metropolitan area (women: 34.8%). I have analyzed one item question asking "In what age do you want to fully retire?", The results showed that, about two third of respondents declared they do not want to retire unless they have health problems, or would expect to retire no earlier than age 70. However, a third of respondents expected normal retirement coming between 60~64. Second, the determinants of timing for retirement were differ by PRT. Social determinants, such as gender, short work hours, being employed, and higher status in family income were associated with early PRT. While, good health status, positive view on the future economics were highly associated with late PRT. The results reveal that the timing of retirement is getting more diverse and obscure in the individual level.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.189-209
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify international research trends of SDGs by analyzing the networks among the 17 goals of the SDGs. The research scope covers the World Development and the Journal of Development Studies which are the top impact journals in the field of international development. The interconnected 17 SDGs are divided into five categories of people, planet, partnership, peace and prosperity. In this study, we analyzed the abstracts of the papers of the above two journals using Atlas.ti, a qualitative analysis software, in order to identify the connections between 17 goals. The findings from the analysis of 730 abstracts published in two journals since 2015 are summarized as follows. First, issues related to gender have featured prominently in both journals. Second, China and India have been the most popular case countries in both journals. In particular south-south cooperation led by China and India has been dealt with by the World Development. Thirdly, both journals have their own biases towards to certain SDGs. For instance, the World Development have not had many articles on SDG 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. The SDGs closely associated with the environment and climate change such as 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15 have also been sidelined by the Journal of Development Studies. More balanced research paying attention to all the SDGs in an integrated and balanced manner is required to provide evidence and knowledge conducive to realizing the transformative vision of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• Industry Promotion Research
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 2024

This study aims to compare the role of the public sector in the U.S. and Korean medical security systems and study response measures in the social risk situation of the COVID-19 virus. The COVID-19 pandemic was a typical case of a 'disaster' that spread across the world across borders in a short period of time and caused serious social welfare losses by increasing the annual number of deaths by approximately 4% in 2020. Threats to health security, such as changes in social order, unpredictable endings, prolonged control of daily life, and deepening inequality, affected the economy, politics, and environment as a whole, and people had to experience anxiety and confusion due to mental and physical stress. Furthermore, developed countries failed to provide help to low-income countries in the face of global disasters. In this situation, the country's disaster management capacity to minimize harm and secure resilience, especially disaster response capacity in the health and medical field, is inevitably very important. Therefore, this study compares how the health insurance system, which is a system to guarantee citizens' right to life, differs from the United States, a liberal health care country, and raises the need to strengthen the role of the public sector.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.360-377
• /
• 2016

Since after the 1986 economic reform policy(Doi Moi), the central highland in Vietnam has transformed into one of the largest coffee producing areas. The transformation had been supported by mass migration of ethnic Kinhs from the coastal lowland. It did not take long for the Kinh migrants to be the ethnic majority in the region. Meanwhile the growth of coffee industry entailed in socio-economic disparity, specially between Kinh migrants and native ethnic minorities. The disparity has becomed obvious not only between coffee farming Kinhs and non-coffee farming ethnic minorities but also between coffee farming Kinhs and ehtnic minorities. The previous literatures highlight the lack of human and social capital and the lagging modernization in ethnic minority societies. However, they fall short in showing the explicit processes why ethnic minority coffee farmers earn less than ethnic majority counterparts. With a case study of Dak Lak province, this research attempts to show the reason why there is income gap between Kinh and ethnic minority Ede coffee farmers by comparing their ways of producing coffee and selling their products. The results show that Ede's land productivity is significantly lower than Kinh's. It is because Ede farmers use less fertilizer due to the shortage of the capital. Also they often get into debt for coffee production and should pay it back right after the harvest. It deprives them of chance to raise earning by selling the coffee beans at a higher price.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.99-128
• /
• 2008

Nearly all Koreans are insured through National Health Insurance(NHI). While NHI coverage is nearly universal, it is not complete. Coverage is largely limited to minimal level of hospital and physician expenses, and copayments are required in each case. As a result, Korea's public insurance system covers roughly 50% of overall individual health expenditures, and the remaining 50% consists of copayments for basic services, spending on services that are either not covered or poorly covered by the public system. In response to these gaps in the public system, 64% of the Korean population has supplemental private health insurance. Expansion of private health insurance raises negative externality issue. Like public financing schemes in other countries, the Korean system imposes cost-sharing on patients as a strategy for controlling utilization. Because most insurance policies reimburse patients for their out-of-pocket payments, supplemental insurance is likely to negate the impact of the policy, raising both total and public sector health spending. So far, most empirical analysis of supplemental health insurance to date has focused on the US Medigap programme. It is found that those with supplements apparently consume more health care. Two reasons for higher health care consumption by those with supplements suggest themselves. One is the moral hazard effect: by eliminating copayments and deductibles, supplements reduce the marginal price of care and induce additional consumption. The other explanation is that supplements are purchased by those who anticipate high health expenditures - adverse effect. The main issue addressed has been the separation of the moral hazard effect from the adverse selection one. The general conclusion is that the evidence on adverse selection based on observable variables is mixed. This article investigates the extent to which private supplementary insurance affect use of health care services by public health insurance enrollees, using Korean administrative data and private supplements related data collected through all relevant private insurance companies. I applied a multivariate two-part model to analyze the effects of various types of supplements on the likelihood and level of public health insurance spending and estimated marginal effects of supplements. Separate models were estimated for inpatients and outpatients in public insurance spending. The first part of the model estimated the likelihood of positive spending using probit regression, and the second part estimated the log of spending for those with positive spending. Use of a detailed information of individuals' public health insurance from administration data and of private insurance status from insurance companies made it possible to control for health status, the types of supplemental insurance owned by theses individuals, and other factors that explain spending variations across supplemental insurance categories in isolating the effects of supplemental insurance. Data from 2004 to 2006 were used, and this study found that private insurance increased the probability of a physician visit by less than 1 percent and a hospital admission by about 1 percent. However, supplemental insurance was not found to be associated with a bigger health care service utilization. Two-part models of health care utilization and expenditures showed that those without supplemental insurance had higher inpatient and outpatient expenditures than those with supplements, even after controlling for observable differences.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.225-234
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health condition and behavioral status of Korean adults according to occupational status. The subjects were 7,676 adults, aged between 19 and 64 years, who completed both oral examination and questionnaire survey, among those who indicated that they were currently participating in economic activities, according to the data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Occupational class and employment status were selected as measures of occupational status. Complex-samples logistic regression models were used to assess the associations among oral health, behavioral, and occupational statuses. We found a significant occupational class-related difference in the oral health and behavioral statuses of both the men and women. In particular, the prevalence odds ratios of untreated dental caries in manual workers were 1.19 and 1.67 times higher than in non-manual workers, for men and women, respectively. As for oral health condition and behavioral status according to employment status, the health risk in temporary employment workers was higher than that in permanent employment workers. As for the prevalence odds ratios of the risk of dental caries, the highest values were observed for tooth brushing fewer than 3 times per day, not undergoing oral examinations, and chewing difficulty complaints. The risk of dental caries for agricultural, forestry, and fishing workers for both men and women was found to be the highest among other workers. Thus, strategies to promote workplace oral health in the microscopic and macroscopic perspectives should be developed to constantly monitor oral health problems, and to identify vulnerable social groups within occupational groups and the related factors that mediate oral health differences.