• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 2005

The characteristics of PCDD/Fs were studied when accumulating on 1 to 4 year old pine needles that were used as passive samplers of atmospheric POPs. The rate of concentration increase was linear in lower(tetra- through hexa-) chlorinated PCDD/Fs, but higher (hepta- and octa-) chlorinated homologue concentrations did not increase with needle age. The lower were in gas phase and the higher in particles. Photodegradation rates of PCDDs on pine needles were similar to PCDFs, higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs tend to photolyze quickly. Therefore it is recommended that the younger needles should be collected to avoid errors from the depositional accumulation rates and photodegradation, and that, when comparing local concentrations of PCDD/Fs, needles of same age should be collected to reduce the errors.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.127
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• pp.37-40
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• 2012

지난 호의 소나무류 가지마름성 병해에 이어 이번 호에서는 소나무류 잎마름성 병해를 소개한다. 소나무의 잎에서 나타나는 잎마름성 병해는 증상과 원인이 다양하여 정확한 원인을 밝히기가 매우 어렵다. 그 이유는 수목의 이상 증상은 기본적으로 1) 비기생성(생리적, 비점염성) 원인, 2) 기생성(생물적, 전염성) 원인에 의하여 발생하는데, 진단 결과에 따라 수목의 재배환경을 점검하고 개선하여야 할 문제인가(비기생성 원인), 또는 약제를 사용하여야 할 것인가(기생성 원인)를 먼저 결정하여야 한다. 그 이유는 피해 원인이 물, 온도, 제초제 등 비기생성 원인에 의한 것이라면 재배환경의 개선 또는 원인 제거만으로도 충분히 나무를 회복시킬 수 있고, 병원균에 의한 것이라면 정확한 병명 진단 후에 적용 약제를 적절한 시기에 살포하여 불필요한 농약의 사용을 줄이면서 효과적으로 방제할 수 있기 때문이다. 수목의 잎에서 흔히 나타나는 이상 증상은 다음과 같이 비기생성 원인과 기생성 원인을 포함하여 크게 세 가지로 구별할 수 있으며, 기본적인 진단 요령과 원인은 다음과 같다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.280-288
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate deposition characteristics of atmospheric PCDD/Fs on pine needles and soil. Concentration of PCDD/Fs on soil were higher than those in pine needles, being 7.4 times for ${\Sigma}PCDDs$, 2.3 times for ${\Sigma}PCDFs$, and 5.4 times for ${\Sigma}PCDD/Fs$ respectively. The ratios of the concentration of each homologue in soil to that in pine needles increased as the number of chlorine atoms increased. The concentration (%) of each congener to ${\Sigma}PCDD/Fs$ was higher in the one with a small number of chlorine atoms substituted, such as tetra- to hexa-homologues in pine needle samples and in one with a large number of chlorine atoms, such as hepta- to octa-homologues in soil samples. Lower-chlorinated homologues of PCDD/Fs were mainly accumulative deposited in pine needles, whereas higher-chlorinated ones were on soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.836-842
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• 2006

Pine needle samples(1 year, 2 year, 3 year old) were collected in Seoul and Ansung to investigate the deposition characteristics of atmospheric PCBs depending on exposure periods. Total PCBs concentration of pine needle samples in Seoul and Ansung showed 2,429, 1,198 pg/g DW(dry weight), respectively. PCB homologs concentration of pine needle samples decreased with increasing chlorine-substituted compounds. It showed that higher chlorine- substituted compounds in existing particle phase compared to lower chlorine-substituted compounds existing in gaseous phase were difficult to accumulate lipids of the pine needles samples. The results of regression analysis between exposure periods in the atmosphere and concentration of total PCBs measured in pine needles at two sites showed significant levels($R^2>0.94$, p<0.01), which implies that atmospheric PCBs accumulated on pine needles with positive linearity depending on exposure periods in this study. Therefore pine needle samples can be used as passive air sampler(PAS) for monitoring air contamination for a long time in different sites.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1998

In the study to reduce the error on the method of sampling pine needles to monitor the atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls(PBCs),it was found that: 1. Concentration of PCBs almost linearly increased from new to three-years-old pine needles, so that the biomonitoring method using pine needles canbe applied to measuring long-term contamination from air in a local area. Needles of differernt age should not be mixed in sampling but be seperately analysed .It no good idea comparing PCB concentrations of differently aged needles. 2. Concentratio n of PCBs on pine needles had nothing to do whit the indivisual and age of the pine tree. 3. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles growing avobe was lower than that on needke below. 4. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles locatied in poorly ventilative places such as needle of a forest was lower than that on needles in well-ventilated areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.337-343
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to understand water stress development in pine seedlings inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Leaf water potentials of four years old Pinus densiflora seedlings inoculated with the nematode were measured with a plant moisture system at predawn and midday. The midday leaf water potentials on the 35th day after the inoculation were -1.04 MPa in the infected seedlings, while -0.94 MPa in the non-infected seedlings. The predawn water potentials on the 56th day were -0.71 MPa in the infected, while -0.26 MPa in the non-infected. At this time the leaves of the infected seedlings became yellow and resin did not exude on the cut basal stem. Density of the nematode was maximum on the 28th day, but dropped sharply on the 68th day. The phloem and pith tissues became brown and the resin exudation reduced in the infected seedlings. In conclusion, pinewood nematode inoculation developed water stress in pine seedlings in a month.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

ITS DNA sequences of two variants of Pinus spp. having single fasciculate leaf or two to three fasciculate leaves within an individual were analysed in order to determine their origin. Also, the same DNA locus of P. densiflora, P. rigida and P. koraiensis, distributed at the same region together with the OTUs having leaf variations, were analysed to compare with each other. Aligned sequences including ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 were 580~584 bp in length. The 5.8S region was well conserved among all the OTUs we tested except for P. koraiensis, which has two nucleotide substitutions. The partial ITS1 region upstream of the 5.8S region showed relatively high sequence diversity compare to the ITS2 and has 181~185 bp in length. In this region, the sequences of the two variants were identical to that of P. densiflora. The ITS2 has identical for all OTUs in length and the two variants also have same sequences compare to that of P. densiflora. These two variants and samples of P. densiflora were grouped together in the UPGMA tree with 100% similarity level. The result strongly suggest that these two variants were originated from P. densiflora.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1153-1161
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• 2005

This study investigated on concentrations of PCDD/Fs and the homologue profiles deposited on pine needles and soil collected from different areas. As, in an area, the concentration of ${\sum}PCDD/Fs$ of pine needles decreased, the percentages of the higher chlorinated homologues of pine needles decreased, and those of lower chlorinated ones increased. However on the contrary the percentages of the higher chlorinated homologues of soil increased and those of lower chlorinated ones decreased. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs deposited on pine needles only depended upon those of PCDD/Fs in air, while the concentration of PCDD/Fs deposited on soil depended upon those of organic matter contents as well as those of PCDD/Fs in air. The results showed that pine needles rather than soil were adequate as a passive sampler.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.6-9
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• 2000

Chemical components such as vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids and rutins in the leaves of the Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus thunbergii Parl. were analyzed. The vitamin A content in the P. densiflora and vitamin C content in the P. thunbergii were obtained more than the others. Oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid and lauric acid were the major fatty acids among 19 fatty acids detected in 4 kinds of pinus leaves and the only essential fatty acid of linolenic acid was also identified. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid among 17 kinds of amino acids detected in the pinus leaves and the amount of essential amino acids was 47.6% in P. densiflora. The highest amount of rutin was 10.34% in P. thunbergii.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.349-352
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• 2002

The effects of Mn on growth and nutrient status of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in a nutrient culture solution were investigated. Mn concentrations was added as manganese chloride at 0, 30 and 60ppm to the nutrient culture solution. The 2-year-old seedlings were transplanted into the solution maintained at pH 4.0, and grown for 90 days in a greenhouse. The Mn treatment induced a significant reduction in the dry weight growth of the seedlings. The relative growth rate(RGR) and net assimilation rate(NAR) of the seedlings decreased with increasing Mn concentrations in the nutrient culture solutions. For the nutrient status of the seedlings, Ca and Mg content in trunk and root was least in 60ppm Mn treatment, and Mn content in needle was about 3 times more than in root. Also the net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings was significantly lower both in 30ppm and 60ppm Mn treatment compared to them in 0ppm. This result suggests that the reductions in the RGR and NAR of the seedlings may be resulted from the inhibition of net photosynthesis by the mixed effect of lower nutrient uptake of roots and excess accumulation of Mn in needle.