• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.462-472
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• 2013

This study was carried out to provide a basic data for preservation of Pinus desiflora forest as cultural landscape forest by analyzing characteristics of plant community of P. desiflora forest in Geumjeongsan(mountatin) in Busan city. In order to analyze plant community of P. densiflora in Geumjeongsan, we set up 10 study plots inside and 8 plots outside of Geumjeongsansung(mountain fortress, hereinafter 'Sansung')(unit area: $400m^2$), a total of 18 plots. TWINSPAN analysis divided these 18 study plots into 6 communities which are Querqus serrata-P. desiflora community, P. desiflora community, P. desiflora-Q. serrata community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thubergii-Q. acutissima community, and P. densiflora-Platycarya strobilacea community. Importance Percentage (I.P.) of each area and DBH class distribution of main species showed that P. densiflora community would succeed to Q. serrata community or C. tschonoskii community. Analysis on tree age found out that communities in the Sansung were 32~37 years old and those outside the Sansung were 44~57 years old. Shannon's species diversity index ranged from 0.4826 to 1.2499. Regarding correlation between species, P. densiflora had negative correlation with Styrax japonica. Based on abovementioned result we expected ecological succession from P. densiflora community to Q. serrata community inside of the Sansung. Outside the Sansung, succession from P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community to C. tschonoskii-Q. serrata community was expected. In order to manage P. densiflora forest as cultural landscape forest, Q. spp in the understory and shrub layer and deciduous broad-leaved arboreal trees should be managed. Tree crown management of deciduous broad-leaved trees in competition with P. desiflora, is also required.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.10
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• pp.63-74
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• 2009

During excavations of the historic sites in Bongnyong-dong, Sangju, a total of 81 ancient wells constructed during the Unified Silla (668 - 935), Goryeo (918 - 1392) and Joseon (1392 - 1910) periods were found. Wood was mainly used for the bottom structure of the well beneath the stone walls. A total of 136 pieces of wood from the wells were analyzed to ascertain their species, and six species were identified: 116 pieces, accounting for 85.9% of the total, of Pinus densiflora, one piece of Platycarya strobilacea Sieb.et Zucc., nine pieces of Castanea sp., three pieces of Quercus acutissima Carruth., one piece of Quercus serrata Thunb., and five pieces of Acer sp. The fact that most of the pieces of wood were pine indicates that pine was considered a suitable wood for the construction of wells in pre-modern period.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.590-598
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• 2015

Despite various control methods for pine wilt disease, the disease has been increasing at an alarming rate every year in Korea. Still there is a lack of research on the problems of the current methods used to curb the disease. One main method to control pine wilt disease is fumigation for eliminating the larva of the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus) which is known as the vector insect for pine wilt disease. We surveyed and analyzed the amount of destroyed uninfected trees in the fumigated area by studying 32 survey plots ($100m^2$) in Miryang city. The destroyed trees' crown area was estimated by induced regression between root collar area and crown area of the remaining trees (coniferous tree: $R^2=57.4$, deciduous broad-leaved tree: $R^2=63.8$). According to the analysis results, the infected trees (cut trees) were 18.7% and cut trees which were not infected were 35.5% of the total tree population of the study area on the basis of total crown area. In case of pine trees, 8.4% of uninfected trees were cut off but 62% of uninfected deciduous broad-leaved trees including Quercus spp. were affected and damaged during the fumigation process. Since these broad-leaved trees dominate the sub-canopy layer of the forest, this indiscriminate interruption of broad-leaved trees has the adverse effect of depriving the public benefits such as shadow, a cooler weather, controlling humidity, etc.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2022

This aimed to species identification and tree-ring dating of wooden elements used in the Myeongjeong-gate of the Changgyeong-palace, Seoul, Korea. Of the 79 wooden elements evaluated, 78 were confirmed to be hard pines and one belonged to Abies spp.. Cores of the wooden elements were collected using a drill for tree-ring dating, and ring-width plots of individual samples were constructed using the TSAP software. The tree-ring dating results for the outermost ring of 58 hard pine wooden elements revealed the following felling dates: early spring of 1604-late fall of 1615, late fall of 1706-early spring of 1707, and late fall of 1828-late fall of 1834. The obtained felling dates of the 1600s and 1800s were found to be consistent with those in the construction and repair records of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Gwanghaegun's Diary and Changgyeonggung Yeonggeondogam Uigwe. However, the obtained felling dates of the 1700s were not consistent with those in the construction and repair records. Therefore, additional confirmation of repairs that were not included in the records was possible using tree-ring dating.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the species of the woods used in the main building (Daewoongjeon) of Bulgapsa temple in YeongGwang. Eighty eight woods sampled were divided into four parts; pillars(21), rafters(19), purlins(16) and other wood elements(12). Four species were identified; Pinus spp. (hard pines; diploxylon), Abies spp., Quercus spp. and Zelkova serrata Makino. Pillars and corner-angle rafters were mainly Zelkova; however, other wood elements were mostly Pinus spp. The high ratio of Zelkova in this building would be ascribed to the preference of this species to pines owing to its superior quality before the late Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.372-380
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• 1996

This study was carried out to study the resistant substances to pine needle gall midge and seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in pine needles among susceptible and resistant species to pine needle gall midge. Free and water soluble phenolic compounds contained in pine needles showed seasonal variations among pine species. But, catechol, vanillic acid and syringic acid including phenolic compounds showed no variation between pine species, even the amount of those component varied by the seasons. Salicylic acid in pine needles showed 140ppm in Pinus virginiana, 35ppm in Pinus thunbergii and 72ppm in hybrid pine, Pinus thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, but traces in Pinus densiflora on May and June, hatching season in larvae of pine needle gall midge. There was high level of salicylic acid in resistant species to pine needle gall midge but traces in susceptible species. As our previous researches, the necrosis rate of larvae of pine needle gall midge showed high level on the solution of phenolic compounds extracted from needles of P. virginiana and salicylic acid, and there was no gall formation in P. virginiana, so that salicylic acid in pine needles seems to have relation with those results. Therefore, it is estimated that salicylic acid is resistant substance to pine needle gall midge.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.106
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• pp.23-24
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• 2008

최근 소나무류에서 많이 발생되고 있는 푸사리움가지마름병은 외국의 경우 pitch canker(수지궤양병)라 불리며, 그 유래는 가지, 순, 노출된 뿌리에 발생한 궤양에서 많은 양의 수지가 흘러나오는데서 이름 지어 졌다. 우리나라에서는 1995년도 도입된 리기다소나무에서 이 병이 발견되었으며, 점차 그 피해가 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 푸사리움가지마름병은 미국의 남동부지역 플로리다에서 1946년에 처음 보고되었으며, 조림지, 종자원 묘포장에서 만성적으로 발생되고 있는 병으로 1976년 이후 이병은 지역적인 질병에서 국가적이고 범세계적인 중요 질병으로 발달하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.270-282
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• 1997

This investgation was performed to provide basic data for the management program of the Soraksan national park. Sixty plots were set up and surveyed in the Sinhungsa-Wasondae Area. The vegetation was divided into two communities, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus serrata community, according to the analysis of DCA ordination. It was found out that the succession of the Pinus densiflora comunity would proceed to Quercus serrata community of which components was dominant in understory layer and shrub layer. And it was found out that in the Quercus serrata community the Pinus densiflora being mainly big size in DBH would becomr dominant comtinuously. Shannon's diversity of both community were 1.2554 and 1.1134 respectively. The numbers of woody species per 100m$^{2}$ ranged 7 to 26, and the average number of woody species was 13.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 1991

The Hwaomsa valley forest and the Piagol valley rarest in Mt. Chiri were studied to investigate forest structure and succession. Thirty plots in the Hwaomsa valley forest and thirty-nine plots in the Piagol valley forest were set up, and vegetation analysis of TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination was carried out. The size of each plot was 20m $\times$ 25m, and the trees above 2cm DBH in each plot were measured. The Hwaomsa valley forest and the Piagol valley forest were classified into four communities and three communities by the altitude, respectively. The successional trends of major tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora and Quercus mangalica through Quercus serrata to Carpinus spp. in the Hwaomsa valley forest. and from Quercus mongalica through Quercus serrata to Carpinus Spp. in the Piagol valley forest. The Hwaomsa valley is assumed to be interfered by the man more, and develop into the climax less than the Piagol rarest.