• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.992-998
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• 2018

Cancer cells grow in an environment composed of various components that supports tumor growth. Major cell types in the tumor microenvironment are fibroblast, endothelial cells and immune cells. All of these cells communicate with cancer cells. Among infiltrating immune cells as an abundant component of solid tumors, macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment and orchestrates various aspects of immunity. The complex balance between pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral effects of immune cell infiltration can create a chronic inflammatory microenvironment essential for tumor growth and progression. Macrophages express different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals, defined as M1 and M2 polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) secret many cytokines, chemokines and proteases, which also promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis and immunosuppression. TAM have multifaceted roles in the development of many tumor types. TAM also interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. TAM obtain various immunosuppressive functions to maintain the tumor microenvironment. TAM are characterized by their heterogeneity and plasticity, as they can be functionally reprogrammed to polarized phenotypes by exposure to cancer-related factors, stromal factors, infections, or even drug interventions. Because TAMs produce tumor-specific chemokines by the stimulation of stromal factors, chemokines might serve as biomarkers that reflect disease activity. The evidence has shown that cancer tissues with high infiltration of TAM are associated with poor patient prognosis and resistance to therapies. Targeting of TAM in tumors is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for anti-cancer treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, has been considered as a sentinel species due to dominant distribution along the coast of Korea and well developed regulatory system. In order to develop and understand immune responses of the Manila clams, clams were exposed to $50\;{\mu}g/L$ of cadmium chloride (Cd) for 8 days and monitored the cellular immune parameters of the hemocytes including blast cell composition, DNA damage, necrosis, apoptosis and hemocyte mortality using a flow cytometer. The results showed that all immune parameters analyzed in the present study increased remarkably compared to the controls and the increases were statistically significant. Apoptosis rate was higher than necrosis rate in the clams exposed to Cd suggesting that apoptosis was preferably induced by the concentration of Cd used in the present study. Our study indicates that the measurement of cellular immune responses of the Manila clam using flow cytometer will be a useful technique for assessment of heavy metal contamination in marine environment.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

연두·금파리에서 혈구 세포가 면역반응의 일환으로 일으키는 결절형성(nodule formation) 현상을 형태학적으로 관찰하고자 본 실험이 수행되었다. 연두금파리 종령 유충 체내에 정상 효모, 고정된 대모, 세포액이 제거된 원형질체의 효모를 각각 주입하여 면역반응 과정을 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다 먼저 정상 효모를 주입하였을 경우, 효모와 접촉한 헐구의 과립방출과 곧 이은 혈구의 파괴 그리고 효모 주위에 혈림프와 함께 점액성응혈(clot)의 형성을 관찰 할 수 있었다 점액성 응혈에는 여러 유형의 파괴된 혈구가 포함되어 있었다. 이같은 면역반응에는 체내 혈구 중 과립혈구(granulocyte)가 가장 활발히 반응였고 응혈의 대부분을 형성하였다. 결절의 중심부인 응혈은 대모와 파괴되지 않은 혈구 대 파괴된 혈구 그리고 방출된 과립들로 차 있었고, 효모 주입 3시간 까지는 이같은 응혈은 계속 확대되었다. 그러나 10시간 이후에는 응혈이 관찰되지 않았으며 이때 체강내에서 효모가 관찰되곤 하였다. 고정된 효모를 주입하였을 경우에는 혈구파괴나 과립방출 등이 관찰되지 않았으며, 고정된 효모에 대한 혈구의 식 세포작용만이 관찰되었다. 이 식세포작용은 주입후 10시간 까지 계속되었다. 원형질 체의 효모를 주입하였을 경우에는 혈구에의한 면역반응이 관찰되지 않았다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2022

작약은 염증성 질환을 치료하기 위해 사용되어 온 전통 약용식물이다. 최근 작약은 대식세포에서 면역조절인자의 분비를 증가시키고 포식작용을 증가시킨다고 보고되었다. 그리하여 본 연구에서 추출조건별 작약의 대식세포 활성화 유도를 비교하였다. 온도조건 별 작약추출물은 4℃에서 60℃까지는 면역조절인자의 분비를 증가시켰지만, 80℃에서는 면역조절인자의 분비가 다소 감소하였다. 60℃에서 시간별 추출조건에서는 1시간에 24시간까지 면역조절인자의 분비가 유사하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때, 작약은 60℃에서 1시간 추출하는 것이 대식세포 활성화를 위한 최적 조건이라고 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.173-176
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• 2003

지문은 종생불변성, 만인부동성, 그리고 사용상의 편리함 때문에 신원인증을 위한 생체인식에 많이 사용되고 있다. 최근에는 기하학구조에 기반한 특이점 매칭방식이 제안되어 인식성능이 매우 높고 잡음에 강한 특성이 있으나 매칭 회수가 많아 인식속도가 느린 단점이 있다. 따라서 기존의 방식은 소수의 지문에 대한 1:다 매칭이나 1:1매칭에 주로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 문제점들을 개선하기 위하여 생체 면역계의 자기-비자기 인식 능력에 주목하였다. 생체 면역계는 자기-비자기의 구별 능력을 바탕으로 바이러스나병원균 등의 낮선 외부침입자로부터 자신을 보호하고 침입자를 식별, 제거하는 시스템이다. 본 논문에서는 생체 면역계를 이루는 면역세포 중의 하나인 세포독성 T세포의 생성과정에서 자기, 비자기를 구별하기 위한 MHC 인식부를 형성하는 과정에 착안한 빠르고 신뢰성 있는 지문 인식 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안한 방식은 지문에 존재하는 특이점(minutiae)인식을 통해 1단계로 global 패턴을 생성하고 2단계로 기하학적인 구조를 만들며, 인식시 global 패턴을 인식한 MHC 인식부에 대해서만 2차 local 매칭을 수행함으로써 매칭 속도가 매우 빠르며 지문의 비틀림이나 회전 등에 대하여 강인하게 인식된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 1993

Acanthamoebn culbertsoni is a pathogenic free-living amoeba causing primary amoebic meningoencephalltls (PAME) in human and mouse. Several reports on the immune responses in mice with this amoebic infection have been published, but the effects of transferred passive Immunity on the active immunization In offspring mice have not been demonstrated. This experiment was done to observe the effect of active Acanthamoebn culbertsoni was cultured in the CGV medium axenlcally. Female BALB/c mice weighing about 20g were immunized through the intraperitoneal injection of Acanthamoeba cuLbensoni trophozoites 1 × 106 each three times at the interval of one week. Offspring mice were immunized two times. The mice were inoculated Intranasally with 1 × 104 trophozoites under secobarbital anesthesia. There was a statistical difference in mortality between the transferred immunity group and the active immunization group. Statistical differences were not demonstrated in antibody titer between both groups. But L3T4+ T ce11/Ly2+T cell ratio was increased in the transferred Immunity group more than active immunization group of the offspring mice at the age of 5 weeks. There was no differences statistically in mortality between both groups. It was recognized that active immunization in offspring mice born to immune mother could modulate the immune status according to the time of Immunization.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

The effect of black garlic extract on the activation of spleen cells from a C57BL6 mouse was investigated to examine immune activities of of fermented black garlic containing a variety of bioactive substances. xtract obtained from the concentration of commercial Namhae black garlic was used for the analysis of immune activities. Treatment with the extract increased the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine. The simultaneous administration of the extract plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the expression of IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ compared with that of a control group. This result suggests that cellular immunity can be induced by macrophages, resulting in the expression of T lymphocytes and T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. In addition, treatment with the extract increased the late response of IL-6 cytokines, and the extract plus LPS augmented the expression of IL-4 and IL-6 compared with that of an LPS-treated group. Meanwhile, the extract plus LPS decreased the late response of IL-10, suggesting that humoral immunity can be activated by stimulating B lymphocytes, suppressing cellular immunity, and effectively modulating the conversion into humoral immune responses. These findings demonstrate that the black garlic extract activates Th1 and Th2 cells by stimulating T lymphocytes in mouse spleen cells and leads to immunomodulation by activating cellular and humoral immune responses of the immune system.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 1998

Cyclosporin A(CsA) is a selective immunosuppressive agent that has been credited with improved survival of solid organ allografts. Lymph node of BALB/C mouse administered CsA immunohistochemically observed to understand immunosuppressive effects of CsA on T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and natural killer NK cells in lymph node. CsA orally administered daily for 10days at the dose 45mg/kg/day/. The lymph node were obtained at day 3, 7, and 14 after CsA administration and embedded with paraffin, and then stained by following ABC method that used monoclonal antibody including L3T4(CD4), Ly2(CD8), IL-2R(CD25), and NK-1.1(CD56). There were little changes of reactive degree and number of helper T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and NK cells at day 3 after CsA administration, but they began to decrease at day 7. These decrease were greatest at day 14. The helper T lymphocytes. cytotoxic T lymphocytes, IL-2 receptors, and NK cells distributed in paracortex and medullary sinus. These results indicated that the secretion of IL-2 began to decrease at day 7 after CsA administration and subsequently to suppress T lymphocytes and NK cell as components of cell-mediated immunity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.164-170
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• 2007

The concept of innate immunity in insects which refers to the first line of host defense constitutes the humoral and cellular components which are involved in recognition and actively participate in the elimination of the intruding foreign micro- or macro-organisms. Several recent studies suggest that juvenile hormone (JH) modulates the cellular immune reactions in response to pathogen. In this study, pyriproxyfen (a JH agonist as an insect growth regulator) was tested in its any inhibitory effect on the immune reactions of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. To this end, five different hemocyte morphotypes of final instar S. exigua were identified by phase contrast microscopy. Plasmatocytes and granular cells, which constitute about 90% of the total hemocyte count, were prominently distinguished based on their basophilic/acidophilic nature using Giemsa stain. The role of pyriproxyfen on the functional ability of hemocytes was analyzed using FITC-labeled Providencia vermicola for the phagocytic potential of the hemocytes. Both granular cells and plasmatocytes exhibited phagocytosis behavior. Pyriproxyfen significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of both cell types, proposing its novel action as an immunosuppressant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.176-176
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• 1993

임상적으로 많이 노출될수록 간단백과 결합하여 항원을 생성함으로써 면역매개성 간염을 유발하는 Halothane을 사용하여 mice에서의 세포매개성 면역선택하였다. Halothane을 복강투여로 2회, 4회 투여한 후 11, 15, 18일 후 지라세포를 이용하여 ConA유도 임파구 분열능을 검색해본 결과 2회 및 4회 투여 시에 15일까지는 대조군과 비교하여 현저히 저하되나 18일 후 오히려 증가하고 ConA유도 IL-2의 생성능은 2회 투여 시 15일 까지는 정상군에 비해 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 18일 이후 현저히 증가하였다. 4회 투여 시 15일까지는 대조군에 비하여 현저히 저하되었고 18일 이후에는 오히려 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 혈청 ALT, AST는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 이와 같은 실험 결과가 개체간의 차이를 보이는가 알아보기 위하여 개체별로 검정을 한 결과 개체간의 편차는 없는 것으로 관찰되었다.