• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 2004

This paper analyzes the long-run effects of an environmental tax levied on motor vehicles. If the government charges their consumers the tax as much as the monetary value of the external damage due to the pollutants emitted from motor vehicles, the operation of vehicles is reduced to the socially optimal level, alike to ordinary Pigouvian taxes. Thus, air pollution abatement is realized in the short run. Moreover, in the long run, the tax leads the consumers to prefer cleaner vehicles owing to the tax burden, and so the firms produce the motor vehicles with less pollutants emitted to meet the change of demand. Therefore, the tax has the additional effect on air pollution abatement. This result is obtained from the simulation in the oligopoly model which has an interior solution when the vehicles are horizontally and vertically differentiated.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.61-89
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• 2008

In this study, by extending the model proposed by Fullerton and Kim(2006), we explored the tax interdependency effect to examine the relationship between environmental tax and economic growth. The theoretical model shows that environmental tax cannot always stimulate economic growth if other taxes such as labor or income tax are distorted by environmental taxes. However, environmental tax can boost economic growth if cutting distortionary taxes offset the distortion of taxes, or improvement of abatement knowledge can sufficiently reduce the cost of production. An empirical analysis using 14 OECD countries shows a positive relationship between the increase of implicit energy tax rate and the increase of implicit income tax rate. Meanwhile, empirical analysis does not provide enough evidence to claim that the increase of implicit energy tax decreases implicit labor tax. We can presume that environmental tax policy in Europe did not necessarily mitigate the burden of labor tax.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was undertaken to determine the analysis of normal values of height of palpebral fissure and Hertel exophthalmometry in Korean woman university students. These measurements were taken from 118 health subjects aged 18-21 years in Korea. In 18-21 years, the mean values of height of palpebral fissure were $6.967{\pm}1.599mm$, $7.172{\pm}1.502mm$, $8.015{\pm}1.44mm$ and $7.1{\pm}1.224mm$, respectively. However, In 18-21 years, the mean values of protrusion were $12.50{\pm}2.33mm$, $12.343{\pm}2.634mm$, $12.773{\pm}1.974mm$ and $13.036{\pm}2.23mm$, respectively. As a results, according to increase the aging, the palpebral fissure height and ocular protrusion was more increase. But in 21 ages the palpebral fissure was some decrease. Also in 19 ages the protrusion was some decrease. On the other hand, the right and left eye have not statistically significant.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 1999

한국, 일본, 미국의 생명표, UN의 인구연감, WHO의 세계보건통계연감 등 공식통계를 활용하여, 한국 노인의 기대여명 및 사망원인별 사망력을 미국 및 일본과 비교하여 파악하고 있다. 한국 노인의 기대여명은 미일보다 빠른 속도로 증가하고 있는데, 1970년대 중반 이후는 미국처럼 여자보다 남자 노인의 기대여명 증가가 빠르면서, 남녀 노인의 기대여명 차가 감소하고 있다. 1997년 현재 65세시 기대여명은 남자 13.64세, 여자 17.26세로 남녀간 3.62세 차이를 보이며, 출생후 남자 72%, 여자 88%가 65세까지 생존한다. 노인의 주요 사인은 미일과 마찬가지로 순환기계질환 및 악성신생물인데, 순환기계질환중 한일은 뇌혈관질환이, 미국에서는 허혈성 심장질환이 노인의 주된 사망원인이 된다. 한국 남녀 노인의 연령층과 상관없이 허혈성 심장질환 및 폐렴 사망률은 미일보다 낮고, 뇌혈관질환, 고혈압성질환, 위암, 간암, 결핵, 당뇨병, 정신 및 행동장애, 간질환 및 교통사고 사망률은 미일보다 높다. 대부분의 사망원인에서 남자사망률이 여자사망률보다 높지만, 한국의 고혈압성 질환, 간암, 폐암 및 간질환에 의한 성별 사망률 격차가 미일보다 크며, 한미일 모두 75세 이상 노인의 정신 및 행동장애에 의한 여자 사망률보다 남자사망률보다 높게 나타난다. 사망원인 생명표 작성결과를 보면, 1997년 현재 한국의 65세 남성과 여성은 순환기계질환 제거시 각각 3.47년과 2.7년을, 악성신생물 제거시 각각 3.87년과 1.58세의 기대여명 증가를 예상할 수 있고, 일본에 비해 특정 사인을 제거시 상대적으로 많은 기대여명 증가를 기대할 수 있는 사망원인은 남자 노인의 간질환 및 교통사고를 들 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.251-271
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• 2001

교사가 이야기책을 반복하여 읽어주는 (a multiple reading) 과정에서 아동이 새로운 단어에 해당하는 그림을 보고 그 단어를 명명하게 하는 (a labeling strategy) 읽기 방법이 아동의 어휘획득에 연령과 경험에 따라 차별적인 효과를 가져오는가, 또한 동일한 읽기 방법이 그룹 상황에 적용되었을 때 일대일 상황에서 얻어지는 효과와 같은 효율성을 갖는가의 문제가 각각의 실험에서 다루어졌다. 양 실험에서 각 연령 (4, 5세) 집단은 그림 어휘력 검사의 표준 점수 결과를 기준으로 하여, 상 하 두 어휘력 집단으로 나뉘어졌다. 아동이 설정된 새로운 단어를 획득한 결과는 comprehensive와 productive 어휘력 검사를 통해 측정되었다. 첫 번째 실험에서 4세와 5세 아동들은 각 연령 집단에서 교사가 일 대 일로 이야기책을 읽어줄 때, 수동적으로 듣거나 또는 설정된 단어에 해당하는 그림을 보며 직접 명명할 수 있었다. 두 번째 실험에서는 첫 번째 실험에 참여한 4세 아동들이 같은 읽기 방법으로 그룹 상황에서 읽혀졌다. 첫 번째 실험 결과, 새로운 단어를 comprehend 하고 produce 하는데 5세 아동이 4세 아동 보다 나은 기제를 갖고 있는지는 분명히 밝혀지지 않았다. 결과를 통해 분명하게 밝혀진 것은 이야기책이 읽혀지는 동안 얻어지는 comprehensive 어휘와 productive 어휘에는 차이가 있다는 것이다. 아동들은, 특히 어릴수록, 새로운 단어를 comprehend 하는데 있어서는 labeling strategy의 효과를 보지 못한 반면, 단어를 produce 하는데 있어서는 동일한 방법이 단순한 반복 읽기 보다 효과적이었다. 덧붙여, 어휘력에 있어 상위 집단에 속한 아동이 하위 집단에 속한 아동 보다 더 많은 단어를 comprehend 하고 produce 한다는 점을 확인시켰다. 두 번째 실험 결과는 그룹 상황에서 4세 아동에게 이야기책을 읽어줌으로써 새로운 단어를 획득하게 할 수 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 사용된 labeling strategy는 특히 productive 어휘 획득에 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 따라서 일대일 상황에서 뿐 아니라 그룹 상황에서도 중요한 요소로 보였다. 덧붙여, productive 어휘 획득에 있어서 labeling strategy의 효과는 어휘력에 있어 하위 집단에 속한 아동에게는 상황에 따라 다른 결과를 가져왔다. 즉, labeling strategy의 효과에 있어서 하위 집단의 아동들은 그룹보다 일대일 상황에서 productive 어휘를 더 많이 획득했다. 연구결과, productive 어휘력 발달을 위하여 교사는 일대일 책읽기 뿐 아니라 그룹 책 읽기에서도 labeling strategy를 사용하는 것을 고려해야 하며, 비교적 적은 어휘력을 갖고 있는 아동에게는 일대일 상황에서 labeling strategy를 사용하여 이야기책을 읽어주는 시간을 할당할 것을 제시했다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1986

Forty-nine malting barley varieties were tested at 3 and 8 weeks after harvest, stored in natural glasshouse so as to investigate varietal variation of germinative energy(GE), capacity(GC) and water sensitivity(WS). The differences among GE, GC, promptness index(PI), and WS on paper at two moisture levels (4$m\ell$ and 8$m\ell$ tests) were great at 3 weeks after harvest, but small at 8 weeks after harvest. Excess water depressed the germination of dormant grains. The GE of whole varieties were excellent, but WS of only two varieties, CI 12062 and CI 15631 were bad at 8 weeks after harvest. So in the case of broad germplasm to be used for crossing materials, it is suggested that WS will be tested to screen good quality malting lines. WS was highly significantly correlated with GE, GC, and PI of 8 ml test, but was not with three factors of 4 $m\ell$ test. GE and WS were various with storage period, varieties and grain plumpness, indicated that breeding good grain-filling varieties and improving production practice for good grain-filling would be studied in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

In this paper, I examine the welfare effects of various revenue-neutral tax reforms in the case of two vertically-related oligopolies(downstream and upstream), where the upstream industry is polluting. I show analytically when and how government can improve welfare by initiating various tax reforms, regardless of either the feasibility of a lump sum transfer or the availability of a tax on pollution. The profit wedge that is the difference between the unit price and the unit cost and the marginal environmental damages(MED) becomes important to decidethe direction of a tax reform and is crucial to determine the direction of welfare-improving tax-subsidy schemes. I also show that a tax on pollution(Pigouvian tax) is superior to a tax on intermediate good even in the case of vertically-related oligopolies, because the former always brings in positive welfare effect from the upstream firms' input substitutability, which a tax on intermediate good cannot provide. Some policy implications for 'reducing environmentally-harmful subsidies' are also discussed.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.453-468
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• 2016

This study is a result of experiment to recognize geometric and spacial conceptions for early childhood. This researcher had built up Mandala figures which was an intermediary between consciousness and unconsciousness, and then have studied about early childhood's geometric and spatial concepts by using Mandala figures. In this paper, authors have studied fractal art activities of early childhood as a follow-up study, since the structure of fractal art is similar to Mandala. As a result, three years old young children have significant correlation in four areas(figure perception, visual discrimination, position-in space perception and visual memory), but five years old young children have significant in three areas(figure perception, position-in space perception and visual memory). For five years old group, there is some difference between boys and girls, also they had described for their art activities like real models.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-177
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• 2011

This paper examines the performance of the coherent Lee-Carter method for the mortality forecasting for the Republic of Korea combined with Japan and the Taiwan Province of China as a group by comparing it with the separately applied Lee-Carter method. It narrowed the gap of life expectancies between three countries from 6.8 years to 3.0 years in 2050, with higher life expectancy forecasts for the Taiwan Province of China and lower ones for Japan than with the separate forecast. This method did not affect the sex-combined life expectancy forecast for the Republic of Korea, but it accelerated the mortality decline for ages 65 and over and decelerated it for the younger age groups, diminishing sex differentials of life expectancy at a slower speed. It suggests that the integration of regional mortality information into mortality forecasting of one country gives several advantages in terms of short run fit within each country as well as long run convergence between countries, a modification of the age pattern of mortality decline, and a consistent application of the forecasting of subgroups within a country.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.103-107
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• 2008

Purpose: This research measured the near addition powers of presbyopia in wearing the near spectacle for the first time. Methods: We evaluated age, sex, working group, spherical power and cylindrical power and measured the power of refractive error performed the both eyes (310 eyes) of 155 subjects subjectively noncycloplegic and power of addition using the cross cylinder method. Results: There were measured the near addition powers in the range of +0.75D ~ +1.75D. In case of the average addition, they were measured with +1.06D in subjects under 43 years of age, +1.08D in 44 to 46 years, +1.23D in 47 to 49 years and +1.46D in over 50 years of age. The average age in subjects was 47.6 years old and 74 male, 81 female, 71 near sighted working group and 83 far sighted working group. Conclusions: Near addition was correlated with age, working group and cylindrical power (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.05).