• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.78
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• pp.21-55
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• 2024

Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is to examine the crisis situation of Christian education experienced by Korean churches and theological education institutions after the COVID-19 pandemic, and to seek new tasks and directions that Korean churches should prepare for the recovery and growth of Christian education. Research Contents and Methods: Before reviewing the current crisis experienced by Korean churches and theological education institutions after the COVID-19 pandemic, the terms and concepts of Christian education are first reflected. In addition, the causes and phenomena of the Korean church and Christian education crisis after the COVID-19 Pandemic are examined through statistics, media, and church field data. The researcher identified the causes of the crisis experienced by Korean churches and theological education institutions as follows: 1. The influence of COVID-19 Pandemic: suspension of faith and educational activities, 2. The age of population cliffs: increase in the elderly vs. decrease in young people, 3. Neoliberalism: marketism, infinite competition, efficiency, winner-take-all, 4. post-religious era: post-Christianity, weakened communitarianism, and reduced number of Christians. The results of this study are four points as follows: 1. Crisis of church education: suspension of operation of Sunday school and feeling of failure, 2. Crisis of faith of young generation: nurturing unstable future church leaders, 3. Faith of adult generation: crisis and hope, 4. The faith of the elderly generation: light and shadow. Conclusion and Recommendations: The new task and direction of Christian education that Korean churches should pursue after the COVID-19 pandemic are as follows: 1. New conversion of Sunday school faith education: From schooling-paradigm education to faith education that integrates family and generation. 2. New conversion of theological education: From knowledge education to spirituality training. 3. Re-ignition of faith education for middle-aged adults: Activation of faith through worship and small groups, 4. New conversion of church elder education: The need to change from caring objects to creative religious life.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.78
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• pp.57-85
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• 2024

Purpose of the study: In order to utilize artificial intelligence-generated AI in educational ministry, this study analyzes the concept of artificial intelligence and generative AI and the educational theological aspects of educational ministry to find ways to efficiently utilize artificial intelligence ChatGPT in educational ministry. Contents and methods of the study: The contents of this study are. First, the contents of this study were analyzed by dividing the concepts of artificial intelligence and generative AI into the concept of artificial intelligence, types of artificial intelligence, and generative language model AI ChatGPT. Second, the educational theological analysis of educational ministry was divided into the concept of educational ministry, the goals of educational ministry, the content of educational ministry, and the direction of educational ministry in the era of artificial intelligence. Third, the plan to use artificial intelligence ChatGPT in educational ministry is to provide tools for writing sermon manuscripts, preparation tools for worship and prayer, and church education, focusing on the five functions of the early church community. It was analyzed by dividing it into tools for teaching, tools for teaching materials for believers, and tools for serving and volunteering. Conclusion and Recommendation: The conclusion of this study is that, first, when writing sermon manuscripts through artificial intelligence ChatGPT, high-quality sermon manuscripts can be written through the preacher's spirituality, faith, and insight. Second, through artificial intelligence ChatGPT, you can efficiently design and plan worship services and prepare services that serve the congregation objectively through various scenarios. Third, by using artificial intelligence ChatGPT in church education, it can be used while maintaining a complementary relationship with teachers through collaboration with human and artificial intelligence teachers. Fourth, through artificial intelligence ChatGPT, we provide a program that allows members of the church community to share spiritual fellowship, a plan to meet the needs of church members and strengthen interdependence, and an attitude of actively welcoming new people and respecting diversity. It provides useful materials that can play an important role in giving, loving, serving, and growing together in the love of Christ. Lastly, through artificial intelligence ChatGPT, we are seeking ways to provide various information about volunteer activities, learning support for children and youth in the community, mentoring-related programs, and playing a leading role in forming a village community in the local community.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.269-288
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• 2024

The main objective of this study is to empirically explore how the organizational culture influences financial performance of companies. To achieve this, 58 companies included in the KOSPI 200 were selected from an online job platform in South Korea, JobPlanet. In order to understand the organizational culture of these companies, data was collected and analyzed from 81,067 reviews written by current and former members of these companies on JobPlanet over a period of 9 years from 2014 to 2022. To define the organizational culture of each company based on the review data, this study utilized well-known text analysis techniques, namely Word2Vec and FastText analysis methods. By modifying, supplementing, and extending the keywords associated with the five organizational culture values (Innovation, Integrity, Quality, Respect, and Teamwork) defined by Guiso et al. (2015), this study created a new Culture Dictionary. By using this dictionary, this study explored which cultural values-related keywords appear most often in the review data of each company, revealing the relative strength of specific cultural values within companies. Going a step further, the study also investigated which cultural values statistically impact financial performance. The results indicated that the organizational culture focusing on innovation and creativity (Innovation) and on customers and the market (Quality) positively influenced Tobin's Q, an indicator of a company's future value and growth. For the indicator of profitability, ROA, only the organizational culture emphasizing customers and the market (Quality) showed statistically significant impact. This study distinguishes itself from traditional surveys and case analysis-based research on organizational culture by analyzing large-scale text data to explore organizational culture.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2024

The Korean government's SME policy has shifted from the traditional focus of protecting SMEs against large business groups to foster innovative SMEs by upgrading their innovation base. From the government's policy perspective, innovative SMEs are defined as SMEs that can secure technological competitiveness or have the potential for future growth through technological innovation activities. Based on the resource-based theory and resource dependence theory, this study aims to explain whether both R&D capabilities of innovative SMEs and the acquisition of venture certification have a significant impact on enhancing global technological competitiveness. According to the resource-based theory, differences in a firm's tangible and intangible resources and R&D capabilities determine its innovation activities and performance. On the other hand, the resource dependence theory argues that government certification programs to support SMEs positively affect SMEs' innovation activities and performance by increasing their access to the external resources needed for innovation. Going a step further, this study examines the moderating effect of the product life cycle. As a moderating variable, the product life cycle is expected to have an opposite effect on the internal and external resource utilization. The results based on the SME Technology Statistics(2020) support the direct effect of both R&D capability and venture certification on global technological competitiveness and the differential moderating effect of product life cycle. The finding that the technological competitiveness effect of internal resource utilization is greater for longer product life cycles, while the technological competitiveness effect of external resource utilization is greater for shorter product life cycles suggests that product life cycle should be considered as an important contextual variable when studying the relationship between R&D, technological innovation, and performance. These results also suggest that in a global competitive environment where product life cycles are dramatically shortening, innovative SMEs that suffer the dual liabilities of newness and smallness should focus not only on strengthening internal R&D capabilities but also on strategically securing external resources.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.127-139
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• 2024

This study investigates the impact of edutech characteristics and both tangible and intangible educational services on the intention to re-enroll, which is directly related to the management performance of private institutes. The study aims to propose strategies to improve re-enrollment intentions and management performance based on the findings. Private education has grown continuously, complementing the limitations of public education and increasing parental dependence. This study tested the hypothesis that edutech characteristics, intangible services, and tangible services, increasingly utilized with the development of information and communication technology, would influence re-enrollment intentions. It also examined whether rapport-building behavior with parents would have a moderating effect on this relationship. The hypothesis testing results showed that among the edutech characteristics, content, intangible services such as reliability and empathy, and tangible services such as tangibility and payment accessibility positively impacted re-enrollment intentions. The hypothesis that rapport-building behavior would moderate the relationship between educational services and re-enrollment intentions was supported for empathy in intangible services and tangibility in tangible services. Based on these findings, the study proposed three strategies to improve management performance of private institutes. First, in terms of improving and managing edutech characteristics, it suggested introducing and updating edutech content and ensuring operational stability. Second, for improving and managing intangible services, it recommended managing instructor recruitment and training to enhance quality and competence, maintaining professionalism through continuous education by credible institutions, and providing level-based education for students based on the qualitative improvement of educational programs. Third, to improve and manage tangible services, it suggested setting appropriate tuition fees, offering various payment methods (online, mobile, card, bank transfer) unrestricted by time and place, and equipping interiors and facilities that enable focused learning. Additionally, considering the moderating effect of rapport-building behavior, it emphasized that improvements and management requiring costs are necessary, but making parents feel a high level of tangibility through rapport-building is also important. Furthermore, given the increasing importance of edutech based on information and communication technology, the study highlighted the need for various support measures such as government technological support and venture certification system support for institutes with an entrepreneurial spirit aiming to introduce innovative technologies such as AI technology based on large language models and AR/VR-applied metaverse environments. This study is expected to help improve the management performance of private institutes by specifically suggesting items and methods for improvement and management in the educational field.

• Journal of Sinology and China Studies
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• v.79
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• pp.21-39
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• 2019

This Thesis tries to give insight into the nature of the period contradiction in Beijing during China's modernization period. I would like to compare Lao She's "Camel Xiang Zi" with Liu Zhenyun's "My name is Liu Yuejin" to proceed with my research. Xiang Zi and Liu Yuejin both came from the countryside to the city with the" Beijing" dream. However, due to accidental events, their dreams are frustrated. The accident led them to a fierce struggle for survival, and to conflict with different classes of society. This paper tries to read the changes of Chinese social class in the 20th century twice from the longitudinal aspect, and to give an in-depth insight into the changes of the consciousness of peasant masses. Xiang Zi is naturally simple, sincere and not afraid of suffering. This personality can be traced back to its immediate superiors. But after coming to the city of Beijing, he becomes increasingly self-centered and evil in a number of humiliation and frustration. Liu Yuejin, who inherited Xiang Zi's character, also has a simple side, but does not pay back the money he borrowed from others and make a forcedly. He can't steal much, but he also steals small amounts of money from restaurants while shopping. His wife is taken away by an alumni, and he sometimes molests another's wife. Xiang Zi tried to do well. Liu Yuejin did not try, nor did he want to be corrupted. He was struggling only for survival. Liu Yuejin's son, Liu Pengju, has no strength, diligence, responsibility, and even a simple dream that can be found in his father's generation. He is a degenerate creature who lives day and day without any vision. When we put Xiang Zi, Liu Yuejin and Liu Pengju together, we can see that they are gradually degenerating over three generations. This indicates the collapse of China's farmers' labor. So far, China's capitalist economic development has achieved the myth of rapid growth at the expense of the peasant masses, but it can be seen as an indication that it may be slowly brought to an end by the peasant masses. Meanwhile, Lutu defined the second generation of peasant laborers as new workers. Recently in China, the labor movement and student Marxism have begun to unite, and they are under constant oppression by the Chinese government. It remains to be seen whether workers can change China's future.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.87-109
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• 2024

Two kinds of basaltic outcrop consisting of vesicular gas-pipe and the host massive basalt were observed in the Taeheung-ri area of Namwon-eup, Jeju Island. This is clear evidence of the magmatic differentiation of lava flows after an eruption. Although the petrographic study revealed that both parts contained the same mineral phases such as olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclases with accessory alkaline feldspar, and titanite, their contents and compositions are more evolved in the vesicular gas-pipe. Its anorthite and wollastonite contents in plagioclase and clinopyroxene, respectively, are lower than those of the host massive basalt. The whole-rock XRF analysis indicates that vesicular gas-pipe had lower MgO content and higher CaO, Al₂O₃, P₂O₅, Fe₂O₃, Na₂O, TiO₂, SiO₂, and K₂O contents than those of the host massive basalt. Both parts of basalt are classified as tholeiite in the TAS diagram, but the former is plotted in a more differentiated area with higher SiO₂ content than the latter. Large ion lithophile elements are enriched in both types of basalt, but the enrichment is more conspicuous in the former. Rare earth elements are more abundant n porous gas-pipe than in the host massive basalt. In particualr light rare earth elements are highly enriched in both types of basalt ralative to those of chondrite, indicating typical ocean island basalts (OIBs). These findings indicate that the magma differentiation possibly occurred after an eruption, which can be explained by the gas-driven filter-pressing.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.16 no.5_spc
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• pp.747-756
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to discover the desirable ESG direction of public institutions and obstacles to promoting ESG management as perceived by members within public institutions. To this end, three research questions were set and FGI was conducted on eight groups of public institution members. As a result of the FGI data analysis, 9 subfactors and 43 meaning units in 3 dimensions corresponding to the answers to the 3 research questions were derived. The first dimension, public institution members' awareness of ESG, consisted of three subfactors: ESG was recognized as an environmental protection trend related to the climate change crisis, and as a marketing tool used by companies to enhance their image. In addition, it was recognized as a newly included public institution management evaluation index. The second dimension, obstacles to the promotion of ESG in public institutions, appeared to be four subfactors: a government-dependent management system strongly influenced by the government, a rigid internal communication system in a top-down manner, the possibility of lack of sincerity in promoting ESG management, limitations of the internal human resource management system, etc. The third dimension, the desirable ESG direction of public institutions, was found to be two subfactors, including priority promotion of activities that meet the unique purpose of public institutions and ESG activities that can grow together with the region as a member of the local community. This study is significant in that, unlike existing studies that discovered positive antecedent factors that affect a company's ESG management performance, it identified factors that impede performance achievement from the perspective of the members who drive ESG.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-33
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• 2019

The small and medium sized enterprises (hereinafter SMEs) are already at a competitive disadvantaged when compared to large companies with more abundant resources. Manufacturing SMEs not only need a lot of information needed for new product development for sustainable growth and survival, but also seek networking to overcome the limitations of resources, but they are faced with limitations due to their size limitations. In a new era in which connectivity increases the complexity and uncertainty of the business environment, SMEs are increasingly urged to find information and solve networking problems. In order to solve these problems, the government funded research institutes plays an important role and duty to solve the information asymmetry problem of SMEs. The purpose of this study is to identify the differentiating characteristics of SMEs that utilize the public information support infrastructure provided by SMEs to enhance the innovation capacity of SMEs, and how they contribute to corporate performance. We argue that we need an infrastructure for providing information support to SMEs as part of this effort to strengthen of the role of government funded institutions; in this study, we specifically identify the target of such a policy and furthermore empirically demonstrate the effects of such policy-based efforts. Our goal is to help establish the strategies for building the information supporting infrastructure. To achieve this purpose, we first classified the characteristics of SMEs that have been found to utilize the information supporting infrastructure provided by government funded institutions. This allows us to verify whether selection bias appears in the analyzed group, which helps us clarify the interpretative limits of our study results. Next, we performed mediator and moderator effect analysis for multiple variables to analyze the process through which the use of information supporting infrastructure led to an improvement in external networking capabilities and resulted in enhancing product competitiveness. This analysis helps identify the key factors we should focus on when offering indirect support to SMEs through the information supporting infrastructure, which in turn helps us more efficiently manage research related to SME supporting policies implemented by government funded institutions. The results of this study showed the following. First, SMEs that used the information supporting infrastructure were found to have a significant difference in size in comparison to domestic R&D SMEs, but on the other hand, there was no significant difference in the cluster analysis that considered various variables. Based on these findings, we confirmed that SMEs that use the information supporting infrastructure are superior in size, and had a relatively higher distribution of companies that transact to a greater degree with large companies, when compared to the SMEs composing the general group of SMEs. Also, we found that companies that already receive support from the information infrastructure have a high concentration of companies that need collaboration with government funded institution. Secondly, among the SMEs that use the information supporting infrastructure, we found that increasing external networking capabilities contributed to enhancing product competitiveness, and while this was no the effect of direct assistance, we also found that indirect contributions were made by increasing the open marketing capabilities: in other words, this was the result of an indirect-only mediator effect. Also, the number of times the company received additional support in this process through mentoring related to information utilization was found to have a mediated moderator effect on improving external networking capabilities and in turn strengthening product competitiveness. The results of this study provide several insights that will help establish policies. KISTI's information support infrastructure may lead to the conclusion that marketing is already well underway, but it intentionally supports groups that enable to achieve good performance. As a result, the government should provide clear priorities whether to support the companies in the underdevelopment or to aid better performance. Through our research, we have identified how public information infrastructure contributes to product competitiveness. Here, we can draw some policy implications. First, the public information support infrastructure should have the capability to enhance the ability to interact with or to find the expert that provides required information. Second, if the utilization of public information support (online) infrastructure is effective, it is not necessary to continuously provide informational mentoring, which is a parallel offline support. Rather, offline support such as mentoring should be used as an appropriate device for abnormal symptom monitoring. Third, it is required that SMEs should improve their ability to utilize, because the effect of enhancing networking capacity through public information support infrastructure and enhancing product competitiveness through such infrastructure appears in most types of companies rather than in specific SMEs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding of garlic stalk silage on performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Feeding trial was conducted with 27 heads of Hanwoo steers and these animals were divided into two groups of control(rice straw) and garlic stalk silage. Animals consuming rice straw were fed concentrates and rice straw for 22 months from the 5 months of age and animals consuming garlic stalk silage were fed concentrates, rice straw and garlic stalk silage for 22 months from the 5 months of age. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage were fed 1.34 and 1.47, 1.69 and 1.74, 1.65 and 1.66% concentrates to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as roughage sources were fed 1.37 and 1.38, 0.65 and 0.63, 0.43 and 0.43% roughages to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Also, animals fed garlic stalk silage were offered 0.22 and 0.33% garlic stalk silage to body weight for the fattening and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources did not differ in average daily gain during the whole feeding periods. Animals of control group consumed less concentrates and roughage than those fed garlic stalk silage during the whole feeding periods. However, feed efficiency was not significantly different between both treatments. Beef yield including backfat thickness, eye muscle area and carcass weight was slightly lower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw even though there were no differences between both treatments. However, beef quality including beef color, fat color, texture, maturity and marbling score was slightly higher in the garlic stalk silage-fed animals than in the animals fed rice straw although there were not statistically different between both treatments. Animals consuming garlic stalk silage was significantly(p<0.05) lower in shear value than those fed rice straw. Amino acid composition including essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid was not different between animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage. Eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained slightly higher oleic acid, less linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and more linolenic acid than that of animals fed rice straw only as a roughage sources. So eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained more mono-unsaturated fatty acid than that of animals fed rice straw and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio was narrower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Economic income was higher by 20% in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Therefore, It may be concluded that feeding of garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources to steers during the fattening period seems to improve meat quality, fatty acid composition and economic income.