• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.785-788
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• 2001

에밀레종은 771년도에 성덕대왕의 공적을 기리기 위해 34년간 주조(높이 3.663m, 최대지름 2.227m, 무게 18,900kg)하여 만든 세계적인 문화유산이다. 외형도 미려하지만 종소리는 천, 지, 인을 뒤흔드는 신비감을 갖추고 있다. 에밀레 종소리는 끊어질 듯 이어지는 소리, 애끓는 소리, 심금을 울리는 소리 등의 특징을 갖는데 끊어질듯 이어지는 소리는 맥놀이 현상으로 나타난다. 지금까지 맥놀이 현상의 규명에 대한 많은 연구가 있었다. 하지만, 현존하는 국내의 종들과 에밀레종이 갖는 애끓는 소리에 대한 실험을 비교 분석을 통해 에밀레종의 우수성을 밝히기는 이번이 처음이다. 여기에는 우리 선조들이 750년경에 과학적 근거를 토대로 하여 응용이 가능하였음을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 우리는 1228년 전에 완성한 우리민족의 지혜와 숨결이 스며있는 에밀레 종소리의 세 가지를 규명하고 재현함으로서 문화민족의 자부심으로 새로운 세대를 개척해 나아갈 수 있는 원동력을 얻고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.06c
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• pp.287-290
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• 1998

성덕대왕 신종을 비롯한 한국범종의 독특한 특성으로 맥놀이 현상을 들 수 있는데, 이것은 한국범종의 독창적인 형상과 재질에서 기인한다. 본 논문에서는 종의 형상과 재질을 달리하였을 때 종소리의 특성이 어떻게 달라지는가를 확인하고, 이로부터 가장 좋은 소리를 내는 종의 조건을 찾아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 주석 함량, 형상, 두께가 다른 열다섯 개의 모형종에 대해서 고유 주파수의 변화와 맥놀이 현상을 알아보았다. 그리고 한국범종과 외국종과의 차이점을 알아보기 위해, 일본종과 중국종의 대표적인 형상을 갖는 모형종을 한국범종을 모델로 한 모형종과 비교해 보았다. 또한, 울림통을 종의 아래에 설치하여, 울림통의 크기와 울림통과 종의 아래에 설치하여, 울림통의 크기와 울림통과 종 사이의 거리에 따른 종소리의 변화도 분석하였다.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.73-76
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• 2004

에밀레종은 서기 771년도(신라 혜공왕 7년)에 완성한 것으로 성덕대왕의 공적을 기리기 위해 34년간 주조(높이 3.663m, 최대지름 2.227 m, 무게 18.900, 두께 $7.7\~21.5m$)한 에밀레종의 과학성은 놀랄만하다. 외형도 미려하지만 종소리는 천, 지, 인을 뒤흔드는 신비감을 갖추고 있다. 에밀레 종소리는 끊어질 듯 이어지는 소리, 애끓는 소리, 심금을 울리는 소리 등의 특징을 갖는데 끊어질듯 이어지는 소리는 맥놀이 현상으로 나타난다. 지금까지 에밀레 종소리 규명에 대한 많은 연구가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 스펙트럼 분석을 통하여 에밀레 종소리에서 나타난 기본 주파수 64Hz, 168Hz, 360Hz, 480Hz 특성과 중년 남성의 목소리를 음성 분석기의 분석한 파형, 스펙트럼, 스펙트로그램으로 상호간의 비교 분석을 통하여 유사성을 규명하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2005

To investigate the characteristics of the sound-pipe on the top of King Song-Dok bell, using computer simulation, the throat impedance was evaluated for the straight pipe and conical pipes with varying taper angles. When sound propagates in a rigid walled, unflanged circular pipe with wavelength larger than radius, the acoustic motion is planar, much as in a bar. The incident sound waves are reflected at the end of pipe and some of them are transmitted. The reflection coefficient and radiation impedance of the sound-pipe of King Song-Dok bell were calculated, and the results demonstrated that the high frequency sound is radiated through the sound-pipe. It behaves like a frequency filter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.604-607
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• 2014

The Seongdeok Divine Bell(nicknamed "Emile Bell") represents the bell of the Silla dynasty. However, ringing it was stopped since 2003 for the safety of the bell. Currently, Kyungju city is performing a project casting a new great bell(tentatively named "Great Bell of Silla") that inherits the beautiful appearance and the sound of the Seongdeok Divine Bell in order to ring a new coming millenium. The new bell is designed to be almost same as the Seongdeok Divine Bell in terms of size, weight and shape as well as its sound. In this study, we investigate the problems occurring in the design of the bell structure and propose the design strategy for the reconstruction of the traditional large bells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.353.1-353
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• 2002

Impulse response of a slightly asymmetric cylindrical shell is derived. Receptance method is applied to obtain the vibration mode and natural frequency of the slightly asymmetric cylindrical shell. Impulse response model is used to identify the vibration beat characteristics of King Song-Dok Bell. The theretical mode is compared and verified by the measured mode of King Song-Dok Bell. (omitted)

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.154-159
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• 2004

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2010

In this paper, acoustic transmission characteristics are theoretically considered on a cylindrical cavity system. The cylindrical cavity system is a simplified model of the acoustic cavity of King Seongdeok Divine Bell and it consists of a main cavity, a gap and an auxiliary cavity, Under a point sound source in the main cavity, acoustic frequency response property is determined and acoustic modes are analysed. The results are compared with those by the boundary element analysis using SYSNOISE. Using the proposed theoretical method, the effect of the auxiliary cavity and the gap on the resonance frequency and sound transmission characteristics is identified. Finally the best combination of the auxiliary cavity and gap is determined for the maximum transmission of the source frequency.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.56
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• pp.9-46
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• 2018

Seongdeokdaewang-Shinjong, the 29th National Treasure, is highly valuable as a study material in various aspects including the histories of ideology, Buddhism, politics, art-craft, Chinese character study, calligraphy, epigraphy and so on of the mid-time of Shinra. Compared with the people's interest in the Shinjong, however, the studies on the words carved on it have not been yet deepened. Such studies have not been yet overcoming the phase of decoding and translation of the words. Today, it is required to analyze and study the words systematically. This article starts with such critical mind. That is why the subtitle of this article is Research on the Background of Thoughts considering that this study must be followed by its 2nd study. This study has totally reviewed the decoding and annotation works that have been done so far. Byeonryeomun (騈儷文: a writing style of Chinese character) has been also studied on its written patterns. As a result, approximately 20 problems have been found and corrected. Especially, such key phrases as '工匠?模' and '日月?暉' have been translated in a new way to spotlight the importance of translation of the carved words. The words carved on the Shinjong are highly valuable to study in the aspect of ideology history. The words fully show not only Buddhist thoughts, Confucian thoughts and Taoist thoughts but also Korea's own unique thoughts, which are all melted in the words without any obstacle to each other. In general, they are highly philosophical words. The words are unique especially in the aspect: They give a meaning to the Shinjong based on the keyword Won-Gong (圓空: circle and empty) and suggest the key point of Buddhist thoughts and governing philosophy altogether. That is, they imply that King Seongdeok's political ideology and governing principle are connected to Pungryudo (風流道), Korea's own unique philosophy. This implication is key evidence that makes it possible to trace the context of transmission of Pungryudo. You should not miss also the phrases implying that there was a big argument between reform group based on Confucian thoughts and conservative group based on Korea's own unique thoughts.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2003

The wooden striker on the Divine Bell of King Seongdeok was examined to identify the species of the wood and the outdoor wood weathering caused by solar light, moisture, temperature and air. The species of the wooden striker was identified to Zelkova serrata. When observed the striker with naked eyes, the results were surface discoloration (graying), cracking and roughness. In order to examine the morphological changes according to deterioration type, the specimen were separated to three part(I, II,III-spot). The I-spot was discolored to gray and at the same time entirely covered with dust. So the observation was impossible. The II-spot was also discolored but its texture could be observed. On it could observe numerous fungal hypae and dirts like dust flown into the cell lumens. The cell wall has been so weakened by weathering that it lost the physical intensity. This have made microchecks and splits on the cell wall. Although fungal hypae covered the cell, they did not result in wood decay. The III-spot, located just 0.5 mm below the surface, was maintaining the natural red-brown color of the wood. Its cell wall was similar to that of sound wood. These changes are different from wood decay, and limited only to the surface of the striker-less than or equal to 0.5 mm below.