• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare values, characteristics and the world heritage listed tendency of walls in East Asia. Walls in East Asia are similar by the geographically adjacent, type, form and materials, etc. Thus to demonstrate the differentiation is not easy, but walls heritage of a tentative list or listed on the UNESCO World Heritage were discriminated by the evaluation criteria of world heritage. Hidden problems are not to be described the differences by the consistent manner. So we need efforts to separate the distinction and originality of walls according to the characteristics of each heritage. As the method of this study, we reviewed the terminology associated with the wall and then have examined the following four aspects as the characteristics of each heritage category. 1) Classification according to the function and purpose, 2) Classification according to the type and size of the walls(the length of wall), 3) Classification according to the location and topography, 4) Classification according to materials and technology(construction method). And we have analyzed the tendency of OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) of the world heritage listed wall. Also we examined the value basis of the differences and similarities presented by each heritage. In the future, we should complement the following two aspects of the wall heritage in East Asia for comparing the exact value. first, we ought to come up with a system that we can easily compare the similarities and differences of similar walls heritage. Second, we have to make every effort to describe the walls heritage by considering OUV evaluation criteria to be able to share with people all around the world.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.129-139
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• 2015

Parks in order to find the inspiration and implication from their construction. The research is focused on a few cross-sectional city wall parks, which are Huangchenggen city wall park, Ming city wall park and Yuandadu city wall park. to come to the conclusion, it defines the generic concept of city wall park, clarifies the transitional process of the city of Beijing, organize the current situation and basis of the construction of the Beijing city wall parks. besides, by analyzing the Beijing city wall parks' specific construction manners including the basis of their planning, the support by government, planning functionality, landscape theme arrangement and gardening arrangement, the research puts forwards their construction characters and drawbacks. through comprehensive analysis on the aspects above, a series of inspirations are obtained for the construction of city wall parks. these include: specialized and legally valid regulation systems need to be setup before planning; government and citizens' proactive support is necessary for the protection of ancient city wall ruins and the construction of the city wall parks; when planning, existing situation should be utilized to the maximum extent, efficiency of space usage should be improved through smooth connection between different spacial locations.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.321-329
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• 2017

Baekje Historic Areas were inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List unanimously at the 2015 World Heritage Committee held in Bonn, Germany. There are three ramparts in Beakje Historic Areas; Gongsansung fortress in Gong-ju, Busosangsung fortress and the outer city wall in Buyeo. The purpose of this study is to research the use plan and the condition of the conservation and management for enhancing values of the World Cultural Heritage. This paper analyses basic survey, repair, documentation, conservation, management, and the cases of the utilizing these fortresses through literatures and a field studies. This study, based on the management and use of Baekje fortresses, could give implications for the conservation, management, and use of other fortresses.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.64-81
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• 2019

Jeju Island is located at a strategic position, making it an important waypoint on the sea routes of East Asia. As a result, the island suffered many foreign invasions throughout history. Especially, it is widely known that Japanese pirates frequently invaded the island as the island was located on their way as they were sailing to China. Therefore, they built various defensive structures across the island. Fortresses, where a small number of defenders may fend off an enemy, were built in multiple places on the island. This was a strategy for the island to defend itself, as it was almost impossible to get prompt support in an emergency from the mainland due to the long distance. Fortresses, or walled cities, were the center of politics, culture, and economy of many areas. Therefore, they are a valuable resource to study the history and geographical characteristics of a place. For this reason, studies on fortresses started quite early on. However, studies on such relics in Jeju Island began very late. The research on fortresses was launched during the Japanese occupation for most mainland areas. However, studies on the relics on Jeju Island began as late as the 1970s. This was because scholars did not understand the importance of the city walls and fortresses on Jeju Island, and there were no researchers who specialized in city walls or fortresses on the island, as well. As archeological research on Jeju Island began to gain momentum, the studies on city walls and fortresses saw progress; however, these studies are still of an elementary level. In this study, the author summarized the status of studies on the city walls and fortress relics in Jeju Island and their preservation/maintenance status by era. According to the findings of this study, there were two Corean-era city wall/fortress relics and thirteen from the Chosun era., The researcher analyzed and presented the status of studies and the current condition of the relics. The status of attached structures was also documented.Furthermore, a short review of the maintenance work performed so far was provided. Also, the researcher mentioned the problems that accompanied the maintenance process of these relics, along with suggestions for improvement that could be referred to in future restoration/maintenance projects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.49-56
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• 2004

본 연구는 1997년 세계문화유산으로 지정된 수원화성의 야간경관조명연출에 따른 조명실태와 효과를 조사 분석하였다. 평가대상은 화성의 경관조명시설이 설치된 33개소 중 측정당시 설치가 완료된 성곽의 내 외부와 서북공심돈을 선정하였다. 평가방법은 야간에 조명현황조사 및 물리량의 측정을 실시하였다. 물리량은 피조면의 휘도, 색온도 및 색도를 측정하였으며, 이를 토대로 경관조명의 연출효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 전체적인 조명방식은 건축물 하단부에 설치된 지주등으로 상향조명을 하거나, 외곽 투광기를 이용한 전반조명이 병용되고 있었다. 조명연출실태는 성벽의 경우 연속된 성곽의 이미지를 강조하고, 빛의 콘트라스트를 이용하여 건축시설물을 강조함으로써 리듬감을 연출하였다. 색온도의 경우 성곽의 차가운 이미지를 보완하기 위하여 따뜻한 색온도의 광원을 사용하여 전체적 이미지를 안정적이고 부드럽게 표현하였다. 색도의 경우 전체적으로 황색의 색도가 나타났는데, 우리나라 전통건축에서 강조되어야 할 단청이나 부재를 위해서는 광원의 색채선정에 신중한 고려가 요구된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Most of all Castle Remains in Korea were built on an axis of development with a scale of great magnitude. Because of its characteristics, the restoration and conservation plans should be phased in over medium and long term. There is no standards for evaluating the value of Castle Remains to set up the restoration and conservation sections. Some plans were set up through the value evaluation of its Castle Remains but those plans didn't have Evaluation System and different weight depending on different environment between Sanseong(mountain fortress) and Eupsung(fortress built in villages). To solve the limitation of Evaluation System of Castle Remains, this study try to approach in the Evaluation System methodology for selecting restoration sections. The results of its study follow below. First, this study drew the Evaluation Indices for selecting restoration sections of Castle Remains. There are three kinds of Elements(upper Index) and nine kinds of Evaluations(low Index). Second, Calculation of weight index by index on the questionnaire survey from expers through the relative importance analysis of AHP. Third, This study suggests the specific Evaluation System according to types; Sanseong(mountain fortress) and Eupsung(fortress built in villages);. Therefore, this study suggests standards to select the priority list for the restoration and conservation plan process and it can be used one of important standards in future plans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Gyeongju, Silla capital, hasn't paid much attention to a value of fortress as advanced frame of landscape all the while. All have done until now were maintaining lots of fortress including Gyeongju and setting night landscape lighting for them or building a trail in mountain fortress. Hereupon, this study tried to take a look at historical and scenic value of fortress, landscape frame of Gyeongju-Silla capital, based on Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong and find the way to contribute to it on landscape architectural level. As Wolseong(月城) and Myeonghwalseong(明活城) functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, they need some research and study on fortress inside in detail rather than restoring them by simply maintaining the shapes. While Wolseong has overall excavation investigation going on, Myeonghwalseong representing mountain fortress area is losing its value due to unbefitting management to a title of world heritage. If conducting close research and study on these remains, it seems like it could contribute a lot to landscape architectural research of Silla royal palace through tracks, which will be used as royal palace. Here I suggest research direction on landscape architectural level about fortress remains in Gyeongju area as followings. Firstly, away from all research focusing on fortress shape, consecration way, etc, we need to conduct a research comprisable of inner space of fortress. As Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, it'll be possible to research about ponds, Nu-Jeong(樓亭), drainage facilities, oddly shaped stones, moundings, pavements, circulation systems, planting traces, etc. For this, we need to research and study through comparison with cases of China, Japan and Goguryeo of the same age. Secondly, applying garden archaeological way is possible to translate objectively regarding research of ancient garden with low literature record. But attainable achievement and information will be limited if implementing excavation based on archaeology as excavations so far regarding excavation investigation of Wolseong. The alternative to such problem is participation plan of landscaping field through the foundation of garden archaeology. We might be able to attain many results on landscape architectural level from research, if conducting research and study about Silla capital including Wolseong by applying garden archaeology such as collection of environmental sample and discovery and analysis of remains through aerial photograph, archaeological research, analysis of historical building, surface exploration, excavation technique, analysis of soil and flowerpot, etc. For this, many people majored in landscape architecture need to try and acquire archaeological knowledge. Also, we need to call attention to internal garden archaeology through international academic symposium by inviting global experts in garden archaeology field. I've suggested the study of location of Wolseong and Silla fortress in Gyeongju area, plan research on using and treating trees about the space in and out of fortress and landscape architectural research direction of Wolseong fortress.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2018

We investigated the petrological features of the stone materials used in the Jeolla Usuyeong rampart and estimated their provenance through the geological survey. The Jeolla Usuyeong was designated as a historic site (No. 535) on 2016. Since the remaining rampart is less than 15%, it is necessary to make conservation on it. In this study, we discriminated the stone materials used for the rampart according to their petrographic characteristics and estimated the volume proportion of each stone by the rock type. Also, we measured the whole-rock magnetic susceptibility. The petrographic features of the stones in the rampart were compared with those in the vicinity by their mineral composition and texture. The stone materials of the rampart mainly consist of the tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapilli stone. Among these three kinds of rocks, lapilli tuff is quantitatively the most abundant (60.3%), the next is tuff (34.7%), and lapilli stone (2.5%) shows the least amount. The whole-rock magnetic susceptibility of the tuffaceous rocks can be divided by the value of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit. Also, the compressive strength of tuff exhibits about 156 MPa, which is adequate to reuse for the repairing work. Petrological comparisons between stone materials and outcrop rocks distributed around the Hwawon peninsula leads to a conclusion that the stone materials of the rampart are likely to have been delivered from the Dongoeri and Sindeok-ri. Judging from the results of the comparison on the frequency of use and physical properties among the tuffaceous rocks, tuff is considered to suitable for restoring the rampart.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.346-361
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• 2013

Since the Ming Castle located in Nanjing was designated by the Government of China as a cultural property in 1988, the Nanjing city government has been conserving the castle according to its plan and thus restoring the historical and cultural values of Nanjing. The project is still in progress, and in this regard, a series of logistics have formulated and a lot of discussions have taken place. Likewise, Korea has been carrying out multidirectional policies to conserve and utilize castles lying throughout the country, appreciating the historical and cultural resources of castles lying throughout the country, and at the same time gets down to designation as the World Heritage. This study focused on how Nanjing, not only a castle city but also a historical city, had established a principle and legal foundation regarding the protection of the Ming Castle, especially on how the problems, which might continually arise in a process where a scheme reached a working stage, had been solved. The problem-solving process is expected to have great implications for Korea in a similar situation. Hereat, this study analyzed the project plans formulated seasonally and gathered data on practical operation by conducting interviews with hands-on workers. The results showed that Nanjing had carried out policies to utilize the castles as tourism resources by harmonizing cityscape and ecological environment, but that it well conserved castles without damaging cultural assets. The stereoscopic protection system for the Ming Castle, based on the consideration of historical and cultural environments, may provide practical and useful data for Korea's administration mapping out for a castle conservation policy and designation as the UNESCO World Heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.4-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the archetype of the Gyeongju Castle walls and the facilities around it to bring together previous studies and identify the specific scale and structure of the archetype. The findings can be summarized as follows. First, we verified the exact location and dimensions of the castle through an over-lay of land registration maps from the Japanese colonial period, land registration maps from the present day, cadastral maps, and excavation records. Second, the dimension of the rampart and fort of the castle were discovered by combining and analyzing historical evidence, modern research data, historical site studies from the Japanese colonial era, and maintenance records. Third, the historical records related to the yeojang (rampart sub-wall) formats in the Joseon Dynasty were used to examine the archetype of the yeojang. This study led to the discovery of the archetype of the Gyeongju castle yeojang in the early stage of King Munjong's reign (1451), and the archetype created after the Japanese Invasion (16th century). And finally, although most of the rampart is not present, the structure of the castle can be estimated based on historical research, and research materials modern and contemporary(excavation conservation field survey). In addition, this study presented a archetype restoration plan for each site, to be used as foundational data for future restoration projects.