• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.619-625
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• 2001

We determined whether the supplementation of Polygonatum Odoratum (Mill) Druce (POD) extract had a good effect on insulin resistance in peripheral tissues of 90% pancreatectomized (Px) and sham-operated (Sham) male Sprague Dawley rats. Px and Sham rats were divided into two groups; one group daily consumed 0.3 g of POD extracts per 1 ㎏ body weight for two months, and the other group had a placebo. All rats freely consumed a 40% fat diet. At the end of the experiment, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (EH) clamp was performed in a fasting, awake, and unstressed state to determine insulin resistance. At EH clamp, body weights were higher in Sham rats than Px rats, and serum glucose levels of baseline were affected by diabetic status and POD administration. Serum insulin concentrations were higher in Sham rats than Px rats, and POD administration decreased them in Sham rats compared to P. Glucose disposal rates in peripheral tissues increased with POD in both Px (n=10) and Sham (n=10) rats. But glycogen deposits in soleus muscle increased with POD administration in Px and Sham rats, and total glycogen synthase activity and fraction velocity were higher in POD groups. Triglyceride contents in quadriceps muscles decreased with POD in Px rats. In conclusions, POD improves insulin resistance by enhancing glucose utilization with increasing glycogen deposit and decreasing triglyceride contents in muscles.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.459-465
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• 2002

To obtain the basic data for commercial 10% salted egg yolk for mayonnaise preparation, 3 types of egg yolks [pasteurized egg yolk (Yolk A)-not salted, pasteurized before salting (Yolk B)-salted, and pasteurized after salting (Yolk C)-salted] were prepared, and the changes in quality characteristics of these egg yolks with frozen storage were tested. The results obtained were as follows; Yolk A gelatinized during frozen storage, thus could not used for mayonnaise preparation. The viscosity of the egg yolk increased $3{\sim}5$ times after salting. Viscosity of the salted egg yolk increased with frozen storage time. Viscosity of Yolk B was higher at $-20^{\circ}C$ than $-15^{\circ}C$. Viscosity of Yolk C, however, was higher at $-15^{\circ}C$ than $-20^{\circ}C$. Frozen storage of pasteurized salted egg yolk showed some effects on the emulsification capacity. The effect, however, was smaller than that of unpasteurized salted egg yolk. Microbes of salted egg yolk were decreased with frozen storage, but there was no difference between Yolk B and Yolk C. It was suggested that commercially pasteurized 10% salted egg yolk for mayonnaise preparation can be successfully stored for 12 months at the temperature of $-15{\sim}-20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.807-816
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to observe the effect of n-3 PUFA on cell proliferation and apoptosis by determining mRNA and protein of COX-2 and eicosanoid product and the mRNA and protein of Bu and Bcl-2 related to apoptosis in colon carcinogenesis of 1,2- dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats. Ninety male Sprague Dawley rats weighing about 170g were divided into 3 groups, control and n-3 PUFA supplemented groups (FO group: 6.2 mmoles n-3 PUFA; 2FO group: 12.4 mmoles n-3 PUFA) and fed experimental diet for 14 weeks. All rats were intramuscularly injected with DMH 15 mg/kg twice a week for 6 weeks to deliver total dose of 180 mg/kg body weight. Compared with the control group, 6.2 mmoles n-3 PUFA significantly reduced the levels of mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 and 2-series eicosanoids ($TXB_{2}$ and $PGE_{2}$) and decreased cell proliferation in colonic mucosa. However, high levels of n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly increased the levels of mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, TXB2 and PGE2. and increased cell proliferation which was similar level to that of control group. Compared with the control group, n-3 PUFA, regardless of the amount, significantly increased apoptotic index in colonic mucosa. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the levels of mRNA and protein expression of Bax were significantly increased by 6.2 mmoles n-3 PUFA, but decreased by 12.4 mmoles n-3 PUFA. The analyses also showed the levels of mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced by 6.2 mmoles n-3 PUFA, but increased by 12.4 mmoles n-3 PUFA. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in mRNA and protein was significantly reduced by 6.2 mmoles n-3 PUFA but increased by 12.4 mmoles n-3 PUFA. Overall, these results indicate that n-3 PUFA could be effective in preventing colon carcinogenesis by reducing cell proliferation with lower level of COX-2 and 2-series eicosanoid, and increasing apoptosis by inducing pro-apoptotic gene, Bax and inhibiting anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2 in the colonic mucosa of DMH-treated rats. However, high level of n-3 PUFA supplementation could stimulate colon carcinogenesis by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 807$\sim$816,2005)

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to know how the rat submandibular gland changes under various emotional stress condition, using molecular biological methods. Restraint and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) experiment is conducted on fifty one 7-week old Sprague-Dawley rats (restraint stress experiment: 21, CUMS: 30). The rats were sacrificed, the submandibular glands were excised immediately at certain time, and examined by the use of immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In CUMS experiment, sucrose preference test, water intake change, weight change were implemented at 1 week interval for the experimental period The results are as follows: 1. The number of clusterin-secreting cells of restraint stress group compared to control group showed significantly decreasing tendency in all experimental groups except for the 1st hour group (p<0.001 in the 9th, 24th, 72nd, 120th, and 168th hour group). 2. The number of clusterin-secreting cells of CUMS group compared to control group showed significantly increasing tendency in the 2nd week group (p<0.01), and significantly decreasing tendency in the 4th and 5th week group (p<0.001). 3. Sucrose preference test in CUMS experiment showed significant difference between the 5th week experimental group and control group (p<0.01). 4. Weight change in CUMS experiment showed significant difference between the 5th week experimental group and control group (p<0.01), but water intake change didn't show significant difference compared to control group. 5. In western blot analysis, clusterin expression was decreased on a gradual basis in due time compared to the control group in the restraint stress group. As for CUMS group (chronic unpredictable mild stress group), it was increased till the 2nd week and decreased till the 5th week after that, which is similar to immunohistochemical analysis result and the decreasing tendency of sucrose preference and weigh changes. Through the test, it was proved that expression of clusterin in saliva glands decreases after receiving either acute or chronic stress, indicating relation with depression caused by chronic stress. Unlike other data, however, apoptotic tendency was hardly found in tissues. Diverse possibilities could be suggested on that: first, the stress was not enough to expedite apoptosis; second, apoptosis-related protein was already being secreted though not detected with microscope; third, clusterin, a major secretion molecule of saliva, decreased with saliva's malfunction due to stress. In the respect, it will be necessary to examine proteins expressed in case of cell death or other heat-shock proteins at the same time, in order to see whether any cellular change or death is caused by decreasing clusterin under high stress, and whether the original state is restored as time goes by under mild stress, through longer-term tests using even higher acute stress.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.760-768
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• 2008

The present study investigated the effect of Leuconostoc kimchii GJ2 (Leu. kimchii GJ2), an exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacterium isolated from kimchi, on serum and liver lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a normal diet group (ND), a high-cholesterol diet group (HCD), a high-cholesterol diet and 200 mg/kg Leu. kimchii GJ2-administered group (HCD-LKL), and a high-cholesterol diet and 400 mg/kg Leu. kimchii GJ2-administered group (HCD-LKH). No between-group differences were found in body weight gain, food intake, or food efficiency ratio. The serum GOT and ALP activities that were elevated by the high-cholesterol diet were significantly decreased after Leu. kimchii GJ2 administration. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was markedly increased in the Leu. kimchii GJ2-administered groups, whereas the serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower in the Leu. kimchii GJ2-administered animals. Liver levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were also markedly lower in the Leu. kimchii GJ2-administered groups. In addition, increased activities of HR-LPL and TE-LPL in adipose tissue, caused by the high-cholesterol diet, fell to normal after administration of Leu. kimchii GJ2, in a dose-dependant manner. These results suggest that Leu. kimchii GJ2 isolated from kimchi exerts an antiatherosclerotic effect by reducing serum and liver cholesterol levels.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2009

Heavy metal pollution may be one of the most serious challenges confront crop production and human health. Therefore, the selection of heavy metal tolerance cultivars which adapted to the contaminated fields will introduced a suitable solution for management this critical environmental risk. The objectives of this research is to assess human health risk using geochemical analyses and exposure assessment of heavy metals in rice cultivars. Risk for inhabitants in the closed mine area was comparatively assessed for As, Cd, Cu and Pb in 10 rice varieties as a major exposure pathway. The average daily dose (ADD) of each heavy metal was estimated by analyzing the exposure pathways to rice and soil. For the non-carcinogenic risk characterization, Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were calculated using toxicity indices provided by US-EPA IRIS. The different rice varieties revealed a wide range of HI values from 23.6 to 34.3, indicating that all rice varieties have a high potential toxic risk. The DA rice variety showed the lowest HI value while the TB rice variety the highest. The probabilities of cancer risk for As via rice consumption were varied with rice varieties ranging from 2.0E-03 to 3.5E-03 which exceeded the regulatory acceptable risk of 1 in 10,000 set by US-EPA. The DA rice variety also showed the lowest value while the TB rice variety gave the highest value. Our results indicate that risk assessment can be contribute to screen the pollution safe rice cultivars in paddy fields affected by the mining activity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding system and NDF levels of TMR on blood metabolites in Holstein heifers. Fifty heifers were assigned to one of five treatments according to feed type and level of NDF: TMR (total mixed ration), CON (concentration + mixed forage), T1 (${\geq}53%$ NDF), T2 (50~53% NDF), and T3 (${\leq}50%$ NDF). Although GLU concentrate was not effected by feed type, increased significantly as the level of NDF decreased. There was no effect on concentrate of blood metabolite related with protein. As the level of NDF decreased, the blood ALB concentration was increased (p<0.05). The concentration of blood CHOL was higher in CON than those of TMR (p<0.05), and increased as the level of NDF decreased. The concentration of blood lipid was higher in CON than those of TMR and increased at lower level of NDF. The concentration of blood ALT were significantly lower in T3 than T1 and T2 (p<0.05). Thus, the results of this study suggest that the feeding system and NDF level may affect the blood metabolite concentration; however, the feed intake and other nutrient levels should also be considered.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.354-361
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• 2019

The red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in traditional Korean food, containing vitamins A, C, and E, polyphenol, and flavonoids. In addition, red peppers have high anti-oxidant ability and are known to be effective in preventing obesity, diabetes, hypertension, digestive disorders, stress, and aging. In this study, we investigated the effects against obesity and diabetes of both fermented and non-fermented red pepper. C57BL/6N mice with induced obesity from an eight-week 45% high fat diet (HFD) were then fed either an HFD or diets containing 2.5% non-fermented red pepper marc (NRM), 1.25% fermented red pepper marc (FRM), or 2.5% FRM for a further eight weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed seven weeks after dietary intake, and body weight, liver, epididymal fat weight, serum insulin level, and HOMA-IR were measured and a lipid content test performed at eight weeks. The results show that the 2.5% FRM diet reduced body and tissue weight, lipid content, serum insulin levels, and HOMA-IR compared to the 2.5% NRM and HFD diets. These results suggest that fermented red pepper is effective against obesity and diabetes. We will use this information as the basic data for the development of health food materials using red pepper.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate animal welfare approved farms in three housing systems (open, windowless, and free-range). The survey was conducted in 25 animal welfare approved farms, and 10 farms were surveyed for distribution status. The main breed in all animal welfare approved farms of laying hens was Hy-Line Brown variety. In the case of open house, laying hens were bred in traditional and panel houses simultaneously; however, the ratio of panel house was 58.3%, which was higher than that of the traditional house. All the windowless houses were made of panels and more than 15,000 laying hens were housed in a single windowless house. In the case of free-range house, it was maintained on a small scale of less than 12,000 birds. Fifty-six percent of the surveyed farms were breeding at $7{\sim}8birds/m^2$. In terms of male and female ratios, most farms maintained 1 male:15 females, but there was a farmhouse that switched 17 or 20 females to 1 male. The daily dietary allowance was 110~170 g, and 32% of the surveyed farms provided feed of more than 150 g/day, which showed that forage feed was important. The age of at the first egg was 123 days, 122 days, and 120 days, and the peak percent was 91.8%, 94.9%, and 86.5% in open, windowless and free-range houses, respectively. The average egg production rate was 74.0%, 84.6%, and 72.7% in open, windowless, and free-range houses respectively, thus, there was no correlation between feed intake and hen-housed eggs. Distribution of welfare certified eggs was mainly a direct deal with the consumer or through contract production. The ratio of direct transactions between large-scale marts and eco-friendly specialty stores of welfare approved eggs was higher than that of conventional eggs. The rate of contract sales of eggs in both the barn and free-range systems was high, and the percentage of courier sales farms was also high. Excluding courier services, price of eggs in the barn system rose to more than 30 won/egg in the second half of 2017 (after AI). Price of eggs in the free-range system rose to more than 50 won/egg in the second half of 2017 (after AI). In the case of courier sales, the same price of 500 won was maintained before and after AI. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used as basic data for improving the animal welfare certification system for laying hens in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2019

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of zinc (Zn) sources (zinc oxide and Zn-methionine) on performance, organ weights, blood biochemical profiles, and digestive enzymes of the pancreas and small intestine in Korean native chicks (KNC). A total of 144 KNC (n=6) were fed a basal diet (CON, 100 ppm of Zn), a basal diet supplemented with 50 ppm of Zn with ZnO (ZNO), or a basal diet supplemented with 50 ppm of Zn with Zn-methionine (ZMT) for 28 days. There was no significant difference in body weight, gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio among the three groups. The relative weights of the liver, spleen, and intestinal mucosa were unaffected by the dietary source of Zn, whereas pancreas weight in the ZNO group decreased (P<0.05) compared with that in the CON and ZMT groups. Blood biochemical components including aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were unaffected by dietary Zn supplementation. Pancreatic trypsin activity in the ZNO and ZMT groups was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced compared with that in the CON group. However, the activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase and carboxypeptidase A were not altered by dietary Zn supplementation. The activities of maltase and sucrase were unchanged, whereas the activity of leucine aminopeptidase tended (P=0.08) to be increased by dietary Zn supplementation. In conclusion, the supplementation with 50 ppm of ZnO or Zn-methionine resulted in an activation of protein digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine without affecting animal performance in KNC.