• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

The region, near the edge of a radiation beam, where the dose changes rapidly according to the distance from the beam axis is known as the penumbra. There is a sharp dose gradient zone even in megavoltage photon beams due to source size, collimator, lead alloy block, other accessories, and internal scatter ray. We investigate dosimetric characteristics on penumbra regions of a standard collimator and compare to those of theoritical model for the optimal use of the system in radiotherapy. Peripheral dose distribution of 6 W Photon beams represents penumbral forming function as the depth. Also we have discussed that the peripheral dose distribution of clinical photon beams, differences between calculation dose use of emperical penumbral forming function and measurements in penumbral region. Predictions by emperical penumbral forming functions are compared with measurements in 3-dimensional water phantom and it is shown that the method is capable of reproduceing the measured peripheral dose values usually to within the statistical uncertainties of the data. The semiconductor detector and ion chamber were positioned at a dmax depth, 5cm depth, 10cm depth, and its specific ratio was determined using a scanning data. The effective penumbra, the distance from 80% to 20% isodose lines were analyzed as a function of the distance. The extent of penumbra will also expand with depth increase. Difference of measurement value and model functions value according to character of the detector show small error in dose distribution of the peripheral dose.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.123
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• pp.379-407
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• 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to make a case for the availability of pragmatist ethics by showing the differences between utilitarianism and pragmatism. In this paper, drawing on Dewey's view, I show that Bentham and Mill were doomed to failure because they both regarded moral conduct not as a process but as a fixed act, the remarkable differences between their views notwithstanding. Besides, I also show that pragmatism distinguishes itself from utilitarianism by its focus on the aspect of the amendment of a conduct rather than its attainment. Pragmatist ethics works on the assumption that moral conduct arises only in conscious experience. What pragmatists mean by consciousness is not an ability just given to haman, but a function emerging from the human interaction with his environment. Therefore, morality is extended from and restricted by experience, because it is grounded in concrete experience, but not in the transcendental nor a priori realm. Since pragmatism suggests the possibility of "ethics without principles" in that it works through the way which successfully rejects the traditional absolutist ethics, while avoiding the downslide to a nihilistic form of skepticism. Thus, it may serve as a third view that overcomes a seriously divergent situation of the current ethical arguments. In other words, starting from the very nature of experience, pragmatist ethics offers a 'bottom-up' ethics, instead of a 'top-down' one. This reconstructive reading of pragmatism away from utilitarianism is expected to offer a more comprehensive account of our moral experience in the pluralistic world of diverged values.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.437-464
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• 2010

The article, focusing on the theory of Zhong-He, sheds a new light on the philosophy of Daizhen. The theory of Zhong-He, according to the philosophical system of Zhuxi, serves as the theoretical foundation in erecting the apriori moral nature and guiding mental cultivation of subjects. Daizhen, on the contrary, criticizes the doctrine of Zhonghe in Zhuxi's philosophy as it produces negative side-effects of moral dogmatism. Zhuxi's doctrine, according to Daizhen, as it reduce the origin of morality to apriori condition of consciousness and delimit the range of cultivation to psychological realm of subjects, restricts moral subjects in the fortress of their own subjectivity. In this vein of his criticism, Daizhen attempts new interpretation on Zhonghe. The character Zhong (中), according to him, does not refer to apriori moral state or metaphysical moral substance as it does in the doctrine of Zhuxi. On the contrary, it denotes the state in which diverse existent beings are placed in their own position by their own dispositions. Similarly, the other character He (和) does not refer to the condition where an individual's consciousness is in equilibrium, but to the process of achieving the harmony of entire society in which diverse existent beings are communicating to each other. With his novel interpretation of the theory of Zhong-He, Daizhen could dissolve the tradition of Weifa (未發) and moral subjectivism in Zhuxi's philosophy and provide a way of establishing reciprocal communication and harmony between various individuals. It is in his ethics of rational mutual understanding where the significance of Daizhen's philosophy should be found.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.123
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• pp.441-465
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• 2012

In der Kritik der reinen Vernunft entfaltet sich die Lehre des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$, die in sich die verschiedene Auffassungen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ das transzendentale Ich $enth{\ddot{a}}lt$. $Demgem{\ddot{a}}{\ss}$ ist das transzendentale Ich einerseits das Ich als reine $Selbstt{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$. Die Vorstellung des Ich $dr{\ddot{u}}ckt$ insofern als die intellektuelle Vorstellung ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die spontane Handlung des denkenden Ich die numerische Einheit oder die Einfachheit der verschiedenen Handlungen desselben aus. Aber andererseits ist das transzendentale Ich im $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ das Ich als den Gegenstand ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. Das Ich als Gegenstand ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$ ist gerade das Ich als Gegenstand des inneren Sinnes oder das empirische Ich ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. In diesem Sinne $dr{\ddot{u}}ckt$ das $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ die unbestimmte Wahrnehmung ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$, oder apprehensio simplex aus. Auf diese Weise $enth{\ddot{a}}lt$ das transzendentale Ich im Selbstbewusstsein in sich die doppelseitigen Momente. Das Ich im $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ ist einerseits das Ich als das denkende Subjekt, $n{\ddot{a}}mlich$ das logische Ich, aber andererseits zugleich das Ich als das wharnehmende Subjekt, das psychologische Ich ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. Und diese doppelseitigen Momente des Ichs unterscheiden sich voneinander, aber zugleich auch $dr{\ddot{u}}cken$ in sich ein und dasselbe Ich aus. Dennoch ist das Problem der Einheit und Entzweiung des Ich im Selbstbewusstsein bleibt in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft als ein $unerkl{\ddot{a}}rbares$, $unaufl{\ddot{o}}sbares$ $R{\ddot{a}}tzel$. Eben mit diesem Problem setzt Kant sich im Opus potumum ernsthaft auseinander und $l{\ddot{o}}st$ dieses Problem durch eine neue Lehre des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$ oder die Lehre der Selbstsezung auf.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1047-1065
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• 2011

The main purpose of this study is to provide the sustainability and continuous development of Long-term care Insurance in projecting changes of the Long-term care Insurance beneficiary population and Cost. We conducted a transformed cohort-component projection method that are employed for the beneficiary population projection and applied the previous experiences in Japan and German. A transformed cohort-component method means that we also projected the increasing beneficiary of long-term care insurance for using the data of geriatric disease in NHIC and estimated the cost of insurance's financial resources. First of all, beneficiary increase and strategy of extending to level 4 are categorized 2 and the expense account projection are categorized 2. If it is thought experience of Japan and German, The Level 4 extend of insuree is projected 2012 or 2013. With the results of this study, we proposed that extended level 4 insuree include the 40%~90% of geriatric disease in elderly people. The number of beneficiaries in 2011 is expected to reach to about 342,896 and in 2015 is 415,905 on scenario 1. Scenario 2(40%of geriatric disease in elderly people), the number of beneficiaries in 2011 is 342,896 and in 2015 is 483,453. Scenario 3(90%of geriatric disease in elderly people), the number of beneficiaries in 2012 is 545,068 and in 2015 is 565,565. The cost of beneficiaries insurance benefit of scenario 1 are projected from 3,000billion in 2012 to 3,500billion won in 2015. Scenario 2 are projected from 3,100billion in 2012 to 4,000billion won 2015. Finally, The cost of Level 4 extending are need minimum 300billion to maximum 1,400billion won.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.48-49
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• 2000

인류는 현재의 인위적인 환경의 탈피와 문명의 진화를 추구하는 동시에 자연환경의 복귀를 지향하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 상반된 환경 속에서도 인공환경은 자연환경을 압도하고 있다. 이것을 학문적 영역인 심리학적 측면에서 볼 때 인간과 자연은 정신 선험적인 관계를 갖고 있어서 자연의 부재는 인간에게 정신적인 불안감을 생기게 한다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.453-456
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• 2000

고정금리 상품의 투자에서 이자율 변동 위험을 피할 수 있는 방법으로 많이 쓰이는 것은 듀레이션을 이용한 면역 모델(Bond Portfolio Immunization Model)로, 이것은 이자율 변동에 대해 포트폴리오의 가격 민감도인 듀레이션을 이용하여 자산과 부채의 변화를 일치시키는 방법이다. 그러나 이 전략은 수익률 곡선이 평형하게 이동한다는 가정(Parallel Shift Term-Structure)을 단점으로 가지고 있어 현실에 적용될 경우 오차가 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 선험적(empirical) 방법으로 평형하지 않은 움직임을 가진 기간구조의 함수(Term-Structure Function)를 정의하고 면역 모델을 부채의 현금흐름에 대해 개별적으로 적용하는 새로운 면역 전략 모델을 구성하고 실험한다

• The Science & Technology
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• v.6 no.7 s.50
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• pp.7-10
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• 1973

(1)제2연구단지건설배경 1.연구단지(연구학원도시)의 개념 2.제2연구단지건설의 필요성 3.제1연구단지의 선험 4.우리나라 연구단지의 앞으로의 전망 가.수원농업기술 개발 단지 나.홍릉 제1연구단지 다.제2연구단지 5.외국의 사례 (2)제2연구단지건설계획의 경위 (3)제2연구단지건설계획(시안) 1.계획의 기조 2.이전대상기관(1차계획) 3.단지의 구성 4.건물배치 및 설계방향

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2011

1. 연구계획서 작성시 필수적으로 기술하여야 할 항목 - 연구의 중요성 - 깊이가 있는 명확한 가정 - 연구목표의 달성 개연성: 양질의 선행연구 결과 및 그림 데이터 - 논리적 전개 및 실험 설계: 가정을 뒷받침할 만한 실험결과 - 주어진 기간 내에 제안한 것들을 달성할 수 있는지 여부 : 지나친 욕심이 젊은 과학자가 나쁜 평가를 받을 수 있는 가장 일반적인 실수 2. 연구계획서를 작성하기 전에.. - 정말 연구계획서를 제출할 적기인가? 너무 이른 것이 아닌지? - 타인에 의해 이미 실험된 것이 아닌지? - 충분한 시간을 두고 작성 ? 최소 2~3개월 전 연구계획서를 미리 작성한 후 동료 또는 선배에게 초안을 보여주고 검토를 받는 것이 매우 중요함: 제출하기 전에 혹독한 비판을 감수 3. 연구목표 - 흥미롭고 중요한 문제(issue)를 적절히 강조하고 있는지? - 가정에 근거하고 있는지? - 목표가 win-win 인지?: 즉, 연구성과가 현재 통용되고 있는 일반적인 가정들과 맥을 같이 하는지? 4. 연구배경 - 확실하고 체계적이어야 함 : 부제(subtitle) 사용. 주제의 중요성이 분명하게 시각적으로 드러나야 함. - 연구결과 파생될 기대효과를 현재와 비교하여 분명한 차이점을 기술 - 연구계획서에서 참고한 것들이 기존지식을 갱신한 것이고 최근 연구동향을 반영한 것이라는 것을 분명히 하여야 함. 5. 예비결과 - 과거 연구성과를 가능한한 많이 기술. ? 현재의 연구계획을 도출하게 된 근거를 과거의 연구와 연관시켜 강조하여야 함. ? 최소한 연구계획서에 기술된 연구방법의 개연성을 기술하여야 함. - 성과가 높지 않은 예비결과는 제시않는 것이 효율적임 - 연구계획서에 제시된 연구방법이 선험 연구에 근거한 것임을 강조하여야 함 ? 만일 전문성이나 선험연구결과가 없을 때는, 경험있고 영향력 있는 조언자나 공동연구자를 열거하고, 그들의 공동연구 동의서를 첨부하여야 함. ? 특히, 공동연구자들이 어떤 부분에서 협력할 것인지 구체적으로 기술하여야 함. - 필요한 부분에서 적절하게 구체적 수치와 raw data를 제시

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.372-382
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• 2009

When the range of projection angles is limited, tomographic reconstruction suffers from artifacts caused by incomplete data. One can consider a data completion technique, which estimates projection data at unobserved angles using a prior knowledge or mathematical exploration, but the result is often not improved; the improvement by the data completion often undermined by the artifacts by inaccurate estimation, In this paper, we propose an iterative method, which computes projection data at unobserved angles by using the current estimate on the image, links the computed projection data to the observed ones by using the consistence condition of Radon transform, and reconstruct the next estimate on the image by filtered backprojection. The proposed method does not require a prior knowledge on the image, and has much faster approximation rate than the expectation maximization method. The performance of the proposed method was tested through several simulation studies.