• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a GafChromic film applied to stereotactic radiosurgery with a linear accelerator could provide information on the value for acceptance testing and quality control on the absolute dose and relative dose measurements and/or calculation of treatment planning system. Materials and methods: A spherical acrylic phantom, simulating a patient's head, was constructed from three points. The absolute and relative dose distributions could be measured by inserting a GafChromic film into the phantom. We tested the use of a calibrated GafChromic film (MD-55-2, Nuclear Associate, USA) for measuring the optical density. These measurements were achieved by irradiating the films with a dose of 0-112 Gy employing 6 MV photon. To verify the accuracy of the prescribed dose delivery to a target isocenter using a five arc beams (irradiated in 3 Gy per one beam) setup, calculated by the Linapel planning system the absolute dose and relative dose distribution using a GafChromic film were measured. All the irradiated films were digitized with a Lumiscan 75 laser digitizer and processed with the RIT113 film dosimetry system. Results: We verified the linearity of the Optical Density of a MD-55-2 GafChromic film, and measured the depth dose profile of the beam. The absolute dose delivered to the target was close to the prescribed dose of Linapel within an accuracy for the GafChromic film dosimetry (of $\pm$3$\%$), with a measurement uncertainty of $\pm$1 mm for the 50$\~$90$\%$ isodose lines. Conclusion: Our results have shown that the absolute dose and relative dose distribution curves obtained from a GafChromic film can provide information on the value for acceptance. To conclude the GafChromic flim is a convenient and useful dosimetry tool for linac based radiosurgery.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 1999

Purpose : Total body irradiation (TBI) or whole body irradiation is used to acquire immune suppression, to treat malignant lymphoma and leukemia, and as an conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. For these purposes, many methods were developed to obtain homogenous dose distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze and confirm the accuracy and the homogeneity of the treatment setup, the parallel opposed lateral technique, currently used in Seoul National University Hospital. Materials and Metheods : Surface dose data, measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter, of 8 patients among 10 patients, who were given total body irradiation with the parallel opposed lateral technique between September 1996 to August 1998, at Seoul National University Hospital were analyzed. Surface doses were measured at the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level. Surface and midline doses were measured with similar set-up and technique in the Humanoid phantom. Results : Measured surface doses relative to prescribed dose for the head, neck, axilla, thight, and ankle leve were $91.3{\pm}7.8,{\;}98.3{\pm}7.5,{\;}95.1{\pm}6.3,{\;}98.3{\pm}5.5$, and $95.3{\pm} 6.3\%$, respectively. The midline doses of the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level estimated from the surface-to-midline ratios in the Humanoid Phantom were $103.4{\pm}9.0,{\;}107.8{\pm}10.5,{\;}91.1{\pm}6.1,{\pm} 93.8{\pm}4.5,{\;}and{\;}104.5{\pm}9.3\%$, respectively. Measured surface doses and estimated midline doses ranged from $-8.9\%$ to $+7.8\%$. Midline doses at the neck and the axilia level deviated more than $5\%$ from the prescribed doses. The difference of the estimated midline doses at the neck and the axilla level and the actual doses were attributed to the thickness differences between the Humanoid phantom and the patients. Conclusion Distribution of the midline doses as well as the suface doses were measured to be within $-8.7\~{\pm}7.8\%$ range. Actual dose distribution in the patient is expected to be better than the measured dose range mainly attributed to thickness difference between the patient and the Humanoid phantom.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2001

We have discussed that the total body irradiation(TBI) dose distribution of 6 and 10 MV photon beams, also differences between calculation dose use of compensator sheet and measurements in humanoid phantom. Total body irradiation and hemi-body irradiation(HBI) can be effectively performed when uniformity of dose distribution is estabilished. The method of TBI and HBI dosimatry requires special considerations related to technique, long distance and very large field, machine parameter, patient positioning. TBI and HBI with megavoltage photon beams requires basic dosimatric data which have to be measured directly or derived from the standard beam data. The semiconductor detector and ion chamber were positioned at a dmax depth, mid depth, and its specific ratio was determined using a scanning data by RFA-7 3-dimensional water phantom and solid phantom. The effective source axis distance 380 cm, the field size from 120 cm to 152 cm, isodose distributions were analyzed as a function of the thickness in phantom. Also, have discussed that the measurement of basic data for clinical photon beams for dosage calculations, data calculation sheet and the use of tissue compensation to improve dose uniformity. We have improved a dose uniformity in the TBI and HBI method.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2012

The tangential breast intensity modulated radiotherapy (T-B IMRT) technique, which uses the same tangential fields as conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) plans with physical wedges, was analyzed in terms of the calculated dose distribution feature and dosimetric accuracy of beam delivery during treatment. T-B IMRT plans were prepared for 15 patients with breast cancer who were already treated with conventional 3D-CRT. The homogeneity of the dose distribution to the target volume was improved, and the dose delivered to the normal tissues and critical organs was reduced compared with that in 3D-CRT plans. Quality assurance (QA) plans with the appropriate phantoms were used to analyze the dosimetric accuracy of T-B IMRT. An ionization chamber placed at the hole of an acrylic cylindrical phantom was used for the point dose measurement, and the mean error from the calculated dose was $0.7{\pm}1.4%$. The accuracy of the dose distribution was verified with a 2D diode detector array, and the mean pass rate calculated from the gamma evaluation was $97.3{\pm}2.9%$. We confirmed the advantages of a T-B IMRT in the dose distribution and verified the dosimetric accuracy from the QA performance which should still be regarded as an important process even in the simple technique as T-B IMRT in order to maintain a good quality.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1995

This study is to compare A point doses in human pelvic phantom by film dosimetry, computer planning and manual calculation by using of along-away table. We developed tissue equivalent human pelvic phantom composed of four pieces of cylindrical acryl tubes with water, to simulate intracavitary radiation (ICR) in patients with cervix cancer. When the phantom assembled from 4 pieces, it has a small space for inserting Fletcher-Suit-Delclos applicator like a human vagina. Fletcher-Suit-Delclos applicator inserted into the space was packed tightly with furacin gauzes, and three $^{137}Cs$ sources with radioactivity of $15.7mg\;Ra-eq$ were inserted into the tandem. For the film dosimetry, two pieces of X-OMAT V film (Kodak Co.) of which planes include point A, were arranged orthogonally in the slits between phantoms. A point dose and iso-dose curves were measured by means of optical densitometer. A point doses by film dosimetry, RTP system and manual calculation by using of along-away table were compared, and iso-dose curves by film dosimetry and computer planning were also compared. The dose of A point was 51.2cGy/hr by film dosimetry, 46.7cGy/hr by RTP system and 47.9 cGy/hr by along-away table. A point dose by computer planning was similar to the dose by calculation using of along-away table with acceptable accuracy $({\pm}3%)$, however, the dose by film dosimetry was different from two others with about 10% error. Since most clinical beams contains a scatter component of low energy photons, the correlation between optical density and dose becomes tenuous. In addition, film suffers from several potential errors such as changes in processing conditions, interfilm emulsion differences, and artifacts caused by air pockets adjacent to the film. For these reasons, absolute dosimetry with film is impractical, however, it is very useful for checking qualitative patterns of a radiation distribution. In future, solid state dosimeter such as TLD must be used for the dosimetry of ionizing radiation. When considerable care is used, precision of approximately 3% may be obtained using TLD.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1997

Purpose : To obtain the actual dose distribution from measured data by doconvolution method using the measured ion chamber response function. Materials and Methods : The chamber response functions for 2 ionization chambers (diameter 5mm, 6.4mm) were measured. and dose Profiles were measured for $10{\times}20cm^2$ field size using two different detectors. The deconvolution of chamber response function from the measured data were performed for these Profiles. The same procedures were repeated for 4MV, 6MV and 1 SMV photon energies. Results : Different dose Profiles were obtained for the same field with the chambers which have the different response functions. Nearly the same results could be obtained with deconvolution for the profiles from various detectors. Conclusion : The effect of the chamber response function can be extracted by deconvolution method. Deconvolved dose profile using various ionization chambers gave better dose distributions. Technical improvements are needed for practical application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2003

경피적관상동맥성형술(CPTCA)이나 스텐트삽입술 후에 발생하는 재협착을 방지하기 위한 방사선을 조사하는 방법 중에 베타 입자를 방출하는 액체 선원을 catheter풍선 내에 넣어 일정 시간 방사선 조사 시키는 방법이 있다. 조사시킬 혈관의 길이가 길어 한번의 방사선 조사가 어려울 경우 영역을 분할하여 두 번에 나누어 조사할 경우가 있다. 조사영역의 겹치는 부근의 흡수선량이 고선량이나 저선량이 되는가를 알기 위하여 두 풍선간의 접근 거리에 따른 혈관내벽의 흡수선량 분포를 알아보았다. 풍선내의 액체 선원은 Ho-l66을 이용하였고 Ho-l66의 물리적 반감기는 26.8시간이고 최대에너지 1.85 MeV, 평균에너지 0.69 MeV와 최대에너지 1.77 MeV, 평균에너지 0.65 MeV를 갖는 베타 입자를 방출한다. Ho-l66 의 방사선 흡수선량을 측정하기 위하여 GafChromic 필름(Nuclear Associates, Carle Place, NY, USA)을 이용하였고, 방사선이 조사된 필름의 optical density는 videodensitometer(Wellhofer, Schwarzen-bruck, Germany)를 이용하여 값을 읽었다. Catheter 풍선은 직경이 3 mm 이고 길이가 20 mm인 것을 이용하였다. 혈관 내벽의 최대 흡수선량을 표준화하여 겹치는 부분의 흡수선량 분포를 접근 거리에 따라 구하였다. 또한 몬테카를로 시abf레이션으로 확인하였다. 두 풍선의 겹치는 부근의 선량 분포는 풍선 중앙에서 중앙사이의 거리가 21 mm 일 때 중앙에서 20% 증가하였고, 거리가 22 mm일 때와 23 mm일 때 각각 10%와 40%의 감소를 보였다. 풍선 도자의 풍선 안에 베타입자 방출 액체 선원을 넣어 혈관내벽에 방사선 조사하는 방법은 비정거리가 짧아 혈관 내벽 부근에만 방사선을 조사시키고 그 외 중요 장기에는 영향을 덜 미치는 장점이 있다. 그러나 혈관 내벽 표면으로 부터의 거리에 따라 흡수선량이 급격히 떨어지는 분포를 이루기 때문에 두 개의 풍선이 겹치는 부근의 흡수선량은 아주 작은 접근 거리에서도 급격한 변화를 보였다. 따라서 시술 중에 겹치는 부분을 아주 적게 분할하여 정확하게 차례차례로 조사시키기 위해서는 신중한 거리 조정을 하여야 한다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.262-266
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• 2013

A new concept of periapical radiography, intra oral x-ray tube and detector system is introduced. It is new system that a miniature x-ray tube is inserted into mouse and it acquired digital image using external detector. In this study, we have investigated temperature and dose distribution of insertional x-ray tube for periapical radiography. To analyze temperature characteristic of x-ray tube, we attached the thermocouple to surface of x-ray tube and we measured the temperature according to distance. Also, we measured the dose distribution of a miniature x-ray tube according to distance. As a result, temperature was constant to $27^{\circ}C$ over 2mm without cooling system, dose distribution of x-ray tube was 3.14 and 1.84mGy in 3 and 5cm, respectively. Therefore, the proposed x-ray system works in lower dose than conventional dental x-ray system. Thus, it is considered that new concept of system will have a significant effect on medical imaging technology.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.187-191
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to measure the dose distribution from the moving phantom for the respiratory motion. The phantom for TLD measurement was designed and built for this study based on the multiple plates for placing TLD and film. The TLDs may be inserted at 3 mm intervals in each TLD plate. For the measurements, TLD plate was inserted into the phantom at 1.5 cm ($d_{max}$) depth, and phantom was allowed to move in SI directions in the range of 1 to 2 cm with 0.5 cm interval for 6 MV X-ray beams. Penumbra and FWHM were measured at both moving state and compared stationary. It was found that penumbra increased 0.71 cm at stationary and 2.10 cm at moving state in 2 cm movement, and that FWHM are 7.52 cm for stationary state and 7.02 cm for moving state (2 cm movement). In this study, film was used to compared with TLD results of measurements and simitar results were observed. Therefore, it is expected that TLD moving phantom may be useful for the treatment of tumors that move due to the respiratory motion.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2007

The purpose of study Is to Investigate whether glass rod detector (GRD) would be suitable for dosimeter of radiotherapy units. A GRD Is used for the measurement of the ou4put factors and x-axis beam profiles from Gamma Knife. The output factors measured with GRD from the 14, 8 and 4mm collimators relative to the 18mm collimator are $0.980{\pm}0.013,\;0.949{\pm}0.013\;and\;0.872{\pm}0.012$, respectively. The output factors obtained with a GRD are within 1.0% In good agreement with the values recommended by the manufacture. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of x-axis beam profiles measured with GRD are 5.9mm at a 4mm collimator.