• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.123-136
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• 2013

Objectives: This paper was prepapred to report airborne asbestos fiber concentrations in asbestos textile, brake-lining, commutator, and building materials manufacturing industries, and some other asbestos related industries in Korea from 1994 to 2006. Methods: Airborne asbestos data that have been sampled and analyzed in the above industries during 1994-2006 were collected. These data were reviewed to scrutinize the qualified data based on the records such as sampling and analyzed method and quality control procedures. All asbestos data were generated using the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Method 7400. Results: Average concentration of asbestos fiber was 2.14 fibers/cc(0.02-15.6 fibers/cc) in the asbestos textile industry, 0.26 fibers/cc(0.01-1.01 fibers/cc) in the building-materials industry, 0.15 fibers/cc(0.01-0.93 fibers/cc) in the brake-lining manufacturing industry, and 0.14 fibers/cc(0.03-1.36 fibers/cc) in the commutator producing industry. For these industries, the percentage of samples of which asbestos fiber concentrations above the limit of exposure(0.1 fibers/cc) was 97.6% in the asbestos textile industry, 62.3% in the building-materials industry, 53.5% in the brake-lining manufacturing industry, and 34.3% in the commutator producing industry. Asbestos fiber concentration was below the limit of exposure in the gasket producing, petrochemistry, musical instrument producing industries, and the brake-lining exchange operations. Conclusions: Airborne asbestos fiber level in the asbestos textile, brake-lining producing, commutator and building-material producing industries was above the limit of exposure, but in the gasket producing, petrochemistry, musical instrument producing industries and the brake-lining exchange operations were below the limit of exposure.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.307-320
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• 2009

This study was conducted not only to review airborne asbestos levels reported in workplaces in Korea, but also to analyze their levels according to various characteristics All asbestos concentration reported as either geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) or ranges were transformed to arithmetic mean to estimate exposure level. In addition, weighted arithmetic means (WAMs) were calculated to weigh asbestos levels based on the different number of samples. Differences of asbestos levels among several characteristics such as industry type, decade, operation and sampling and analytical methods were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The number of articles studying asbestos levels from workplaces was found to be 9 including two report types. Five of those were reported prior to 1990s and rest of them after 1990s. Only several industries such as asbestos textile, asbestos cement, brake-lining repair shops were studied, while various industries using asbestos or asbestos containing materials (ACMs) were not studied. ANOVA found that asbestos exposure levels (WAM = 5.26f/cc) reported from textile industry were significantly higher than those from other industries (cement = 0.63f/cc, brake-lining = 0.2f/cc - 0.47f/cc) (p < 0.0001). Average exposure levels studied prior to the 1990s (3.13f/cc) were found to be significantly higher than that (0.86f/cc) after the 1990s (p<0.0001). All WAMs reported until the 1994 were found to be higher than the current occupational exposure limits (0.1f/cc). This study recommends that retrospective exposure to asbestos based on various industry types and operations should be assessed.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.454-465
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in asbestos exposure among asbestos-handling industries from 2000 to 2005. Methods: The data included the number of industries and workers exposed, concentrations of asbestos and the amount exceeded, and the type and size of industry by year. These data were collected by 46 regional employment and labor offices in Korea using work environment monitoring reports. A total of 1,481 samples from 284 industries were extracted from the reports and were analyzed with no data modification. Results: The means of asbestos concentration decreased from $0.84f/cm^3$ to $0.03f/cm^3$ during the period 2000-2005. Among the total of 1,481 samples, 11 samples(0.7%) exceeded the KOEL, and 178 samples(12.0%) were ACGIH TLV. The insulating paper product manufacturing industry was found to have the highest level of asbestos, followed by the fireproofing manufacturing industry, brake lining products manufacturing industry, commutator products manufacturing industries, and construction materials manufacturing industry. The number of asbestos handling industries decreased from 48 industries with 1,155 employees to 37 industries during the period of 2000 to 2005, but the number of asbestos workers expanded to the point that 1,182 employees could be found in 2005. Conclusion: Based on these results, the strengthening of the KOEL and new regulations turned out to help reduce asbestos exposure levels. This study recommends that retrospective exposure to asbestos based on various industry types should be assessed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.477-483
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• 2000

Objectives : To obtain reference values for the pulmonary asbestos and non-asbestos fiber contents of residents in Korea and to compare them with similar results from Japan. Methods : The autopsied lung specimens from 22 deceased people (20 males and 2 females) in Pohang, without any known occupational history of asbestos exposure, were analyzed for incidence of asbestos and non-asbestos fibers by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis after using low temperature ashing procedures. Results : Chrysotite fiber (46.2%) was the major fiber type found in the lungs of the subjects. The asbestos fiber concentrations found in males and females were $0.09\times10^6$ fiberss(g of dry lungs) and $0.30\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs), respectively, showing a geometric mean concentration $0.09\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lung tissue), due to the predominance of males in the sample. The non-asbestos fiber contents in males and females were $4.61\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs) and $17.79\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs), respectively, with a geometric mean concentration $5.21\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lung tissue). Conclusions : Residents in Pohang had significantly lower levels of both asbestos and non-asbestos fibers than urban residents in Korea. Furthermore, Koreans had significantly lower levels of both asbestos and non-asbestos fibers than Japanese.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1996

Fourteen(14) large commercial buildings located in Seoul with friable sprayed-on surface insulation material on ceiling were investigated for fiber types in bulk material and for airborne fiber concentrations in buildings by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to compare the results with those by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM). The results were as follows: 1. Chrysotile asbestos was found in one bulk sample out of total 14 bulk samples collected. Glass fiber and mineral wool were the two major constituents of the bulk samples. 2. The Na-Mg-Si-Ca-Fe-Al ratios of the EDX spectra which were normalized with the Si peak were 0-1.0-10-8.3-4.0-4.0 in mineral wool and 0-5-10-21-0-0 in chrysotile asbestos, respectively. 3. Airborne fiber concentrations were log-normalcy distributed and the geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) fiber concentrations by TEM in the underground parking lots and inside buildings were 0.0048 f/cc(1.93) and 0.0040 f/cc(2.27), respectively with no statistical difference. In the outdoor ambient air, statistically significantly lower concentration of 0.0018 f/cc(2.04) was measured. 4. The TEM/PCM ratios of airborne fiber concentrations ranged 0.5 - 2.0 for 80 % of airborne samples analyzed, end the regression equation between TEM and PCM was PCM=-0.2724+1.1355(TEM) with the coefficient of determination $R^2=0.52$. The results of this study confirmed that the sprayed-on surface insulation material found in some commercial buildings may possibly be contaminated with asbestos fiber. Since statistically significant relationship of fiber concentrations measured by PCM and TEM inside buildings and ambient air was found, previous results by PCM in ambient air could be used to estimate the ambient fiber concentrations in knowing the ratio of TEM/PCM.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.245-256
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study is aimed at performing real-time measurement of fibrous materials using an F-1 fiber monitor, investigating the correlations between the measurements and environmental conditions, and assessing the feasibility of the use of the monitor in actual exposure assessments based on the accuracy and reliability of the device. Methods: Asbestos specimens with a fixed asbestos content were dispersed in a chamber and collected with a particle measuring test device. Measurements obtained by the existing PCM method, and with the F-1 fiber monitor were compared. In addition, concentrations of asbestos fibers obtained by the PCM method, the TEM method, and the F-1 fiber monitor were compared with that of specific ABS scenarios in NOA regions. Correlations of asbestos contents in soil and weather conditions with each method of measurement were analyzed. Results: Laboratory results showed that levels of asbestos fibers measured with each method increased as fiber contents in soil increased. In the accuracy and reproducibility assessment, no significant differences were found between the different methods of measurement. On-site assessment results showed positive correlations among the methods, and these correlations were less significant compared with what was shown by the laboratory results. Levels of asbestos fibers increased as asbestos contents in soil increased, and as temperature increased. Levels of asbestos fibers decreased as humidity increased, and wind speed did not significantly affect the extent to which asbestos fibers were scattered. Conclusions: While it would be premature to replace existing methods with the use of F-1 fiber monitors in real sites based on the results of this study, the monitor may be useful in the screening of the sites, which assesses hazard levels in different regions. Replacement of existing methods with the use of F-1 fiber monitors may be possible after the limitations identified in this study are overcome, and additional assessment data are obtained and reviewed under different conditions to confirm the reliability of the monitor in future research. Obtained assessment results may be used as basic data for the assessment of asbestos hazard in NOA regions.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.427-428
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• 2003

현대인의 경우 대부분이 하루 중 80% 이상의 시간을 어떤 형태의 가정, 사무실, 공공건물, 학교, 병원, 지하시설물, 상가, 음식점, 자동차, 지하철 등의 실내공간에서 생활하고 있으며, 특히 어린이와 노약자, 병약자들의 경우 대부분의 시간을 실내에서 보내고 있는 실정에 있어 실내공기오염이 인체에 미치는 영향은 크다고 할 수 있다. 실내환경에는 대기환경과는 달리 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적으로 매우 다양한 오염물질들은 복합적인 배출원에서 기인되며 그 배출량은 물질에 따라 상당히 편차가 있을 뿐 아니라 오염물질 농도분포 역시 시간적, 공간적 특성에 따라 다양하게 나타날 수 있으며, 실내공기의 상태는 일차적으로 외부공기의 영향을 받게 되고 이차적으로는 담배연기, 스토브, 오븐, 시멘트, 건축자재, 페인트 및 벽면의 입자상 물질 등과 같은 실내오염원으로부터 영향을 받아 오염상태가 심해진다. (중략)

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.635-658
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 S대학 중앙도서관을 대상으로 측정 유해인자를 ① 공기 중 유해물질 ② 생물학적 유해인자 ③ 일산화탄소·이산화탄소·이산화질소 농도로 구분하여 관련 기준과 비교하여 측정·분석하였다. 분석한 결과 공기 중 유해물질인 미세먼지, 석면, 휘발성 유기화합물, 포름알데히드 모두 관련 기준 보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났으며, 생물학적 유해인자인 공기 중 곰팡이, 그람음성박테리아, 엔도톡신 등도 특별한 문제를 찾을 수 없었다. 공기 중 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소, 이산화질소 농도도 일반 대기 중의 농도 대비 특이한 점이 없이 유지되고 있었다. 다만, 도서관은 다중이용시설로 주기적인 청소와 환기를 통한 환경 관리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.623-629
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• 2012

본 연구는 집수면으로 사용되는 지붕재질에 따라 집수되는 빗물의 수질을 평가하고, 지붕면에서 지의류/이끼의 존재여부에 따른 수질변화를 관찰하였다. 실험은 5가지 다른 재질의 재료[나무, 나무(이끼 서식), 콘크리트, 초벌기와, 슬레이트]로 설치된 지붕면에서 수행되었다. 각 지붕면에서의 빗물수질을 관찰한 결과, 초벌기와 지붕으로부터 집수된 빗물이 이용에 가장 적합한 재료로 나타났다. 이는 초벌기와 재질 특성에 따른 표면 온도의 상승과 자외선에 의한 살균효과 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이끼류가 포함된 나무지붕과 일반 나무 지붕에서 집수된 빗물의 수질을 비교한 결과 이끼는 TOC, nitrate, sulfate 및 phosphate 농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관측되었다. 그리고 슬레이트 지붕으로부터 유출된 빗물 내 석면의 농도는 평균 0.002개/$cm^3$로 검출되었으며 이러한 결과는 환경부 다중이용시설기준 및 노동부 사무실 기준인 0.01개/$cm^3$ 규정을 만족한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1001-1010
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• 2010

광주지역 다중이용시설 54개소와 공중이용시설 15개소에 대한 입자상물질(미세먼지, 석면), 가스상물질($CO_2$, CO, $NO_2$, HCHO, Rn, VOCs), 총부유세균의 농도에 대해서 조사하고 각 항목간의 상관성분석을 실시하였다. 미세먼지($PM_{10}$)는 실내주차장에서 평균 $69.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았고, 이어서 보육시설, 대규모점포, 지하역사 순이었다. 일산화탄소는 실내주차장에서 평균 2.7 ppm으로 가장 높았고, 이산화탄소는 의료시설에서 604.1 ppm으로 가장 높았으며, 이산화질소는 실내주차장에서 0.036 ppm으로 가장 높았다. 포름알데하이드는 54개 전체시설에서 기하평균 $3.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며, 미술관은 $631.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았다. 휘발성유기화합물질(VOCs)은 모든 시설에서 기하평균 $24.14\;{\mu}g/m^3$이었고, 이 중 톨루엔이 $15.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 가장 높았으며, 이어서 자일렌, 에틸벤젠, 벤젠, 스티렌 순으로 조사되었다. 총부유세균은 찜질방에서 평균 $625.3\;CFU/m^3$로 가장 높았고, 보육시설, 의료기관, 대규모점포 순이었다. 석면은 보육시설에서, 라돈은 미술관에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 보육시설에서 미세먼지와 총부유세균은 로그함수의 결정계수($R^2$) 0.5332로 양의 상관성을 보여주었고, 이산화탄소와 일산화탄소는 보육시설과 실내주차장에서 양의 상관성을 보여주었다. 휘발성물질간의 상관식은 모든시설에서 직선함수보다는 로그함수에 의해 잘 설명되었다.