• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.356-370
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the Western perspective on the food and food culture of Modern Times in Korea (from the late of Joseon Dynasty until Japanese colonial era). Literature and written records were analyzed. This analysis revealed that the heart of the mill in this period involved rice, and that a common beverage was sungnyung made from boiled scorched rice (in contrast to tea as the common beverage in Japan or China). The most important subsidiary food in Joseon was vegetables, especially Kimchi. Westerners viewed Kimchi as a smell symbolizing Joseon and their meal times. Even though both Kimchi and cheese are fermented food, just like Westerners could not stand the smell of Kimchi, Koreans viewed the smell of cheese unpleasant. Westerners viewed German sauerkraut as Western food counterpart to Kimchi, as sauerkraut is also fermented food made of cabbage. Regarding the eating of dog meat in Joseon, most Westerners viewed it as brutal; however some interpreted it as a difference in food culture. In addition, the eating of raw fish and its intestines felt crude to Westerners. The biggest difference between Joseon's food and Western food was that Joseon had no dairy products and no sugar. The most highly preferred fruit for Westerners was the persimmon, and ginseng was already widely recognized and recorded as a medicinal plant. Joseon's desserts were also favorably evaluated. In contrast, the excessive gluttony, heavy drinking, and unsanitary conditions in Joseon were problems pointed out in many records.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-33
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• 2018

This study aims to illuminated landscape of Joseon Dynasty in the end of 19th century when Joseon dynasty began to modernize through the perspective of Westerners. Historical meaning to Western people's landscape records has been preceded. And landscape typology and their perception were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, the Westerners who visited Joseon dynasty at that time were involved in the historical and political situation of the Joseon Dynasty or understood their culture through traveling for so long. And record of Westerners is a significant data to analyze scenery at that time because common contents appear in various books. Second, the landscape of Joseon dynasty that appears in Western records was mainly recorded in small towns and villages, natural environments, scenic sites, historic sites, modern facilities, and cultivated areas. Small towns and villages are mainly mentioned with shabby alleys and dense houses. And natural landscape were identified to mountain landscapes and diverse geomorphological landscape that surrounding vegetation along the coast and rivers. The palaces, fortress and temples were recorded as main objects of scenic sites and historic site. And western-style buildings such as foreign legations and settlements, churches and schools were mentioned in the modernized facilities. A cultivated land was confirmed to be underdeveloped and neglected, but as range of view became wider, it was seen to a peaceful and prosperous rural landscape. Third, Westerners' landscape perception of Joseon dynasty at that time can be deduced from positive or negative perceptions. The residential environment was perceived as negative because it was unsanitary and backward. On the contrary, outstanding natural landscapes, scenic sites and historic sites, and upper class gardens were perceived as positive. For modernized landscapes, positive and negative perceptions were similarly mentioned. Positive perceptions were formed in improvement of civilized landscape, and appeared negative perception because damaged traditional landscapes and heterogeneity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 1985

연구의 목적은 의류생산에 있어서 동양(Oriental women)과 서양여자(Caucasian women: U.S.A)의 인체계측에 의한 치수의 비교를 하였다. 연구자료는 동양여자 100명과 서양여자 970명의 자료로 비교하였다. 동양여자의 인체계측치는 1981년 4월 일본에서 필자에 의해 수집되고 서양여자의 인체계측치는 1976년 11월부터 1977년 2월 미국(U.S.A by the Quartermaster Corps of the United States Army)에서 인체계측을 한 자료이다. 동양과 서양여자의 인체계측치 중에서 각각 32항목을 선출하여 비교된 것은 높이항목과 길이항목(height-related measurements; height and length), 나비항특(surface measurements; breadth and depth) , 둘레항목(measurement of circumference)이다. 32항목을 평균치의 t-test로 동양인과 서양인을 비교한 결과, 모든 항목에서 P<.001 수준에서 유의한 차를 보였다. 그 중에서 머리둘레, 목둘레, 손목둘레, 팔굼치둘레, 손바닥둘레의 항목에서는 동양인이 서양인에 비해서 큰 값을 나타냈다. 그 외에 27개 항목은 동양인이 전부 높거나, 길거나, 또는 큰 값을 나타냈다. 표준편차에서 보이는 바와 같이 서양인자가 동양여자보다 크고, 특히 높이 항목, 길이항목(height-related measurements)이 더 높거나 길다. 이러한 결과로서 동양과 서양여자의 인종적인 측면에서, 다양한 의류생산에 있어서 고려해야 할 것 같다. 이 동양과 서양여자의 인체계측비교에 중요한 요점을 두고 연구한 것은 의류생산과정에 있어서, size설정, 보다 미적인 design, 의복구성을 위한 등등에 고려되겠으나, 특히 미국과 같은 대량생산국에서 동양과의 무역(import or export)에 있어서 중요하게 고려가 될것이며, 나날이 발전하는 우리나라의 의류무역에도 고려되리라 본다. 뒤에 recommendations for future research에서 말한 바와 같이 서양과 한국여자의 입체계측비교를 하며 우리나라의 의류무역(수출)에 도움이 되었으면 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.81-85
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• 1997

인체에 투여된 약물의 반응은 개체간에 현저한 차이가 있으며 특히 환자에게 투여된 약물의 효과가 상이하게 나타남으로써 치료의 실패나 흑은 약물의 유해작용으로 나타나기도 한다. 이러한 개체 상호간의 약물반응의 차이는 환경적인 요소, 영양학적인 요소, 연령, 병용한 다른 약물 및 이미 앓고 있는 질병 등에 의해서도 영향을 받으나 특히 유전적으로 결정된 약물대사 능력의 차이에 의해서도 기인된다. 이러한 측면에서 약물 대사의 유전적인 다양성과 비정상적인 반응을 다루는 약물유전학의 중요성은 최근 두드러지게 대두되고 있다. 특히 유전적인 요인으로 개체간의 차이는 효소의 유전적인 결핍과 관련이 있으며 이 결핍은 생체이물질에 대한 반응의 다양성을 설명할 수 있는 약물대사 능력의 다형성에 기인한다. 또한 약물반응의 다양성은 인종간, 특히 동양인과 서양인에서의 약물반응에서도 차이가 있어 각 인종간의 약물반응의 차이에 대한 연구와 이의 원인규명에 대하여 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 이와 같은 견지에서 약물용량과 약물반응, 특히 약동학적 변화의 인종간의 차이와 각 개인의 차이 및 이의 원인에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.902-910
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• 2008

A view of the Orientalism that sees the Orient as the inferior Other, characterized by the heterogenic, eccentric, backward, and passive features, has been internalized in the unconsciousness of Westerners. 'Orientalism' which is the cultural device and the system of discourse to put Asia in the fixed frame of dominance was the West European centered term, designating Southwest Asia including South Europe and North Africa as Orient, and contained the idea that non-Western society could progress only with the acceptance of Western civilization. Accordingly, it is need to use this term deliberately. In addition, even though the Asian Look of the West, borrowing the images and costume styles of Asia has lost the original mentality of Asia, it was not initiated from the perception that sees Asia as the inferior Other. Since the Asian Ethnic Look is the Western costume, borrowing the image of Orient and style by being fascinated by Oriental Aesthetics, the attributes of it are different from those of Orientalism. Therefore, it is not appropriate to designate the Asian Ethnic Look as 'Orientalism Fashion' or 'Oriental Look' except for some eccentric manipulation of Asia costume and image. Instead, it is desirable to exchange the term 'Asian Look', 'Asian Fashion', and 'Asian Ethnic Look' upon occasions or the name of individual nation or region can be referred to as preferred alternatives. Today, Asia including Korea is taking the initiative in the World Fashion as one of central axes of World Fashion Industry, and cannot be interpreted from the perspective of West Centrism. Now, it's time to dissolve the dichotomous prejudice of the West centrism on Asia's own strength.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.891-904
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• 1997

Today's orthodontic treatment goals lie in functional esthetics, and the importance of the latter is increasing gradually in trend. Considering such, study on growth and development of soft as well as hard tissues becomes inevitable. Early studies emphasize mainly on skeletal analysis using cephalometric data. However, more recent studies report that maxillofacial soft tissue, which plays a critical role in determining facial esthetics, is influenced by underlying hard tissue, and yet close relationship between them was not noticed. Cephalometric x-rays were taken of 137 Korean boys and 106 girls with no systemic disease, fair developmental status and normal occlusion for two consecutive years; afterwards, soft tissue analysis, which was divided into four parts, facial form lip position & posture, nose, and thickness, was done to correlate them with general growth.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 1968

저자(著者)는 성장(成長) 발육기(發育期)에 있는 한국인(韓國人)의 His' line과 전두기저선(前頭基底線) 안이평면(眼耳平面) 하악평면(下顎平面) 구개평면(口蓋平面)이 이루는 각도적(角度的) 변화(變化)를 관찰(觀察)하기 위하여 정당교합인(正當咬合人) 남(男) 여(女) 195명(名)의 두부방사선규격사진(頭部放射線規格寫眞)을 Hellma의 치령 분류법(齒齡 分類法)에 의(依)하여 분류(分類)하고 계측(計測) 관찰(觀察)하였든바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 성장(成長) 발육기(發育期)에 있어서 전두기저선(前頭基底線)과 His' line이 일정(一定)한 각도(角度) 관계(關係)를 유지한다. 2. His' line은 수평성장축(水平成長軸)으로 생각(生覺)할 수 있다. 3. His' line은 구개평면(口蓋平面)과 대부분(大部分) 일치(一致)하며 남녀(男女)에는 별 차이(差異) 없다. 4. 하악평면(下顎平面)과 His' line이 이루는 각(角)이 심한 것으로 보아 강(强)한 경사도(傾斜度)를 나타내고 있다. 5. 서양인(西洋人)에 비해 하악골(下顎骨)의 후퇴(後退)를 볼 수있다.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1994

When biology as science was fast developing in the West, Korea remained isolated and stayed with traditional biology. This was only followed by western collectors who brought the specimens with them to their home country, their publications including almost 3,000 species (duplication allowed) during 1843-1924. The Journal of Chosen Natural History Society(1924-1944) published 318 papers by 91 authors wherein animal systematics papers predominated with 224 (70.4%) and basic taxonomy of description , list and faunal studies enumerated 201 among others . Even though the number of Korea authors was limited to only seven as compared to 83 Japanese majority two Koreans ranked third and ifth in number of publication. Those Koreans trained by Japanese scholars as their assistants, however, put the corner stone with several Koreans from Japan, upon which direct introuction of western biology to Korea was made possible after World War II.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner's records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 ($1^{st}$ period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 ($2^{nd}$ period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s ($3^{rd}$ period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s ($4^{th}$ period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.52-61
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• 2015

Personal distance is one of the basic and important concepts in the field of Environmental Psychology in influencing personal space, visible or invisible territoriality and psychological carrying capacity of contemporary urban dwellers. This study aims to analyze the bench users' behaviour and personal distances in urban parks for the first time in Korea, one of the representative landscape spaces in urban areas. For these purposes, this study has adopted a blind observation and pictorial analysis for bench users in Yeouido Park in Seoul. The main results of this study show that the average interpersonal distance between female and male(intimate relationship) is 47.5cm, the distance between female and female is 53.2cm, and the distance between male and male is 70.3cm. These results mostly support the previous western study results, but the interpersonal space and territoriality of Koreans in urban parks may be smaller than that for western societies.