Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture (한국전통조경학회지)

Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture (한국전통조경학회)
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A Landscape of Joseon Dynasty in Late 19th Century through Experience Record of Modern Westerners - Focused on Landscape Vocabulary and Content Analysis -

근대기 서양인들의 조선견문기를 통해 본 19세기 말 조선의 경관 - 경관 관련 어휘와 내용 분석을 중심으로 -

  • 김동현 (문화재청 국립문화재연구소) ;
  • 신현실 (북경대학세계유산연구중심)
  • Received : 2018.01.31
  • Accepted : 2018.03.12
  • Published : 2018.03.31
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Abstract

This study aims to illuminated landscape of Joseon Dynasty in the end of 19th century when Joseon dynasty began to modernize through the perspective of Westerners. Historical meaning to Western people's landscape records has been preceded. And landscape typology and their perception were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, the Westerners who visited Joseon dynasty at that time were involved in the historical and political situation of the Joseon Dynasty or understood their culture through traveling for so long. And record of Westerners is a significant data to analyze scenery at that time because common contents appear in various books. Second, the landscape of Joseon dynasty that appears in Western records was mainly recorded in small towns and villages, natural environments, scenic sites, historic sites, modern facilities, and cultivated areas. Small towns and villages are mainly mentioned with shabby alleys and dense houses. And natural landscape were identified to mountain landscapes and diverse geomorphological landscape that surrounding vegetation along the coast and rivers. The palaces, fortress and temples were recorded as main objects of scenic sites and historic site. And western-style buildings such as foreign legations and settlements, churches and schools were mentioned in the modernized facilities. A cultivated land was confirmed to be underdeveloped and neglected, but as range of view became wider, it was seen to a peaceful and prosperous rural landscape. Third, Westerners' landscape perception of Joseon dynasty at that time can be deduced from positive or negative perceptions. The residential environment was perceived as negative because it was unsanitary and backward. On the contrary, outstanding natural landscapes, scenic sites and historic sites, and upper class gardens were perceived as positive. For modernized landscapes, positive and negative perceptions were similarly mentioned. Positive perceptions were formed in improvement of civilized landscape, and appeared negative perception because damaged traditional landscapes and heterogeneity.

본 연구는 서양인들의 시각에서 조선이 근대화되기 시작한 19세기말 조선의 경관을 조명하는데 목적이 있으며, 서양인들의 경관 관련 기록의 역사적 의미를 도출하고 이에 대한 경관의 유형화 및 그들의 인식을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 당시 조선을 방문했던 서양인들은 조선의 역사적, 정치적 상황에 개입되거나 오랜 기간 여행을 통해 조선의 문화를 이해하고 있으며, 이에 대한 설명이 여러 저서에서 공통으로 확인되는 점은 그들의 기록을 통해 당시의 경관을 조명하는 과정이 유의한 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 서양인들의 기록에 나타나는 조선의 경관은 소도시 및 마을, 자연환경, 명승 고적, 근대시설, 경작지 등이 주로 언급되었다. 소도시 및 마을은 허름한 뒷골목과 빼곡히 들어선 가옥들이 주로 언급되고 있으며, 자연경관은 산악경관과 해안 및 하천을 따라 펼쳐지는 다양한 지형경관과 주변식생이 확인되었다. 궁궐과 산성, 사찰 등은 명승 고적의 주요 대상으로 기록되었으며 근대화된 시설에는 외국인 공사관 및 거류지, 교회나 학교 등의 서양식 건축이 언급되고 있었다. 경작지는 낙후되고 방치된 모습이 확인되었으나, 조망구도가 넓어질수록 평화롭고 번창한 분위기의 농촌경관으로 비춰지고 있었다. 셋째, 조선에 대한 당시 서양인들의 인식은 비위생적이고 낙후된 주거환경에 대한 부정적 인식과 빼어난 산수와 수려한 명승고적, 상류층의 주택정원을 대상으로 하는 긍정적 인식이 나타났다. 근대화된 경관에 대해서는 문명화된 경관 개선이라는 점에서 긍정적 인식이 형성되었으며, 전통경관의 훼손 및 이질감에 대한 부정적 인식이 유사한 양상을 보이고 있었다.

Keywords

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