• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.348-365
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• 2013

This paper aims to examine the complexities of the state-nature relations in Korea by emphasizing the complex processes of interactions between the state and nature. In doing so, it relies on the literature of "political ecology of state-nature" which problematizes the conventional modernist views on nature assuming the dualistic separation between the state and nature. First, we critically review the existing Korean literature on the state-nature relation (e.g., the ecologism, the metabolic rift theory, the social construction of the nature, the green state thesis, etc.) and argue that these studies significantly lack the recognition of the interactions between the state and nature. Second, we discuss the possibilities of seeing the state-nature relations from the perspective of political ecology as an alternative approach to the state-nature relation. Last, we conclude that the political ecology approach to the state-nature can deepen our understandings of the Korean capitalist development.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2004

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of geochemical approaches for investigating and assessing heavy metal contamination in abandoned mine sites. Major sources of contaminants at the abandoned mine sites are mine water, waste rocks, tailings, and chemicals used in beneficiation and mineral processing. Soil, sediment, surface and ground water, and ecological system can be contaminated by heavy metals, which are transported due to erosion of mine waste piles, discharge of acid mine drainage and processed water, and dispersion of dust from waste rocks and tailings. The abandoned mine sites should be characterized using various methods including chemical analysis, mineralogical analysis, acid generation prediction tests, leaching/extraction tests, and field tests. Potential and practical environmental impacts from the abandoned mines should be assessed based on the site characterization.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.365-380
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• 2017

Rapid changes in the flora of exotic species are ecological problems that cause the alteration of national and regional biota. The purpose of this study is to identify the reality of neophyte flora currently inhabiting in Korea. Having analyzed a total of 151 studies published up until 2016, we found the qualitative and quantitative gaps among the preceding studies due to the lack of rigorousness on the application of the spatial and temporal level of exotic species and academic terminology. In this study, the neophyte is defined as the flora introduced temporarily after the Enlightenment in Korea (late 19th century) and spatially in the Eastern Asiatic Province of the Takhtajan's floral region instead of a country boundary. A total of 326 taxa of 184 genera of 39 families were identified and analyzed for their distributional origin and habitat characteristics. Approximately 87% (285 taxa) was a component of the single-layered herb vegetation, and a total of 211 taxa originated from Europe and North America which are the same temperate biome as Korea. The wetland vegetation components were much fewer with 21 taxa, but they included a large number of invasive alien species that caused critical deterioration in the habitat structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Ecological approaches to exotic species categories such as Ephemerophyten and Apophyten have emerged.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2016

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) gases concentration in atmosphere has been growing since preindustrial times. By sequestering a large amount of atmospheric carbon (C), terrestrial ecosystems are thought to offer a mitigation strategy for reducing global warming. Woody agro-ecosystems such as fruit tree are among the least quantified and most uncertain elements in the terrestrial carbon cycle. $CO_2$ and energy fluxes were measured by the eddy covariance method on a 15-year old apple orchard of South Korea in 2006. Environmental parameters (net radiation, precipitation, etc.) were measured along with fluxes. The results showed that during late June, the ability to sequestrate C was significant at an apple orchard ecosystem and it reached on the peak of $-6.5g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. We found that in the apple orchard, the daily average of net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) and cumulative NEE on a yearly basis were $-1.1g\;C\;m^{-2}$ and $-396.9g\;C\;m^{-2}$, respectively. These results reveal that there is high carbon sequestration in the apple orchard of South Korea, which is the same magnitude with repect to that of a natural forested ecosystem of the same biome rank (temperate-humid deciduous forest).

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.67
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• pp.415-447
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore the direction that Christian education should take as an ecological education in the crisis of climate change. What climate change shows is that it is impossible to survive even if the Earth's temperature rises by only 2-3 degrees. However, our current appearance is concerned about the crisis of climate change as long as we do not change our lives. First, the meaning of climate change and its causes were examined. The anthropocentric worldview, modern industrial, scientific and technological growth, and consumption-oriented social structure can be cited as the causes. An anthropocentric worldview justifies everything from the human point of view, and nature is the subject of human domination, but one regarded as a tool. In addition, as the scale of human economic activity increases, energy consumption increases, and the threat of ecosystem destruction increases with the increase in energy consumption. Individual affluence and increased consumption are exacerbating ecosystem tensions. In order to solve the problem of climate change, ecological education clues were found in the Bible. Through creation, the relationship between humans and nature was identified as coexistence and coexistence. Through the principle of sabbath, it is possible to bring about the restoration of humans and nature, and from the point of view of the incarnation, the world was understood as the 'body' of God. Based on these clues, the direction of Christian ecological education was explored by suggesting a transition to an ecological paradigm, restoration of creative spirituality, and cultivation of ecological imagination. In the crisis of climate change, it is hoped that the recovery of the earth will take place and that we will be able to stand again as a responsible being through the Christian ecological educational approach.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1058-1062
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• 2010

최근 하천정비 사업은 하천의 치수, 이수적인 기능뿐만 아니라 자연 친화적인 기능을 고려하여 하천을 조성하기 위한 노력들을 많이 하고 있다. 그 결과 기존 콘크리트 호안을 자연형 호안으로 바뀌어 생태계 복원 및 접근성을 높이고, 직선형 하도를 사행하는 자연형 하도로 바꾸는 등의 다양한 하천복원 사업들을 실시하고 있다. 하지만 하천복원에 따른 유지관리를 위한 하천복원공법들에 대한 모니터링과 복원사업에 대한 효과 분석이 제대로 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 따라서 하천복원 전, 후에 대한 모니터링과 평가를 위한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2001년에 시작하여 2006년 12월에 복원 사업이 완료된 오산천 하천환경 정비사업에 적용된 복원 공법들의 수리학적 모니터링을 통해 복원 후의 효과 및 문제점들을 평가하였다. 우선 수리학적 모니터링의 일반적인 사항으로 강우량 및 홍수량 측정, 하상변동 분석, 하상재료 분석 그리고 항공영상 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 복원 공법에 대한 수리학적 모니터링은 호안의 수리학적 안정성 평가, 어도의 기능 평가, 저수로내에 설치된 인도교 주변과 목교의 수리학적 영향을 분석하였다. 모니터링 결과 복원 후 일부 목교 주변과 자연형 호안 중 일부는 침식되었으며, 하중도 하류부에는 퇴적이 발생한 것을 확인하였다. 금곡취수보에 설치된 어도는 자체안전성에는 문제가 없었으나, 어류 소상을 위한 기능을 다하지 못하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 상류 하천정비로 인해 하류에 퇴적이 많이 되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 적용 공법별 수리학적 모니터링 결과는 복원 공법에 대한 모니터링 및 평가를 위한 지침서 작성을 위한 기초자료로 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

In order to clarify the species composition, distribution and habitat of the Korean wild Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia communities, that are so expected as a useful resource plant, an investigation was carried out according to phytosociological method on Mts. Hambaek, Ilwol, Sobaek, Juwang and Gaya in Korea. In the present study, we made an attempt to elucidate the autecological characteristics of the wild Pyrus species by synecological approach. As a result, the forests including the Pyrus species were divided into the two associations and two communities, considering the existing vegetation units for the forest; Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae, Corylo-Quercetum mongozicae, Ainsziaea acerifolia- Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Pyrus ussuriensis community. Among the units, the Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae and the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae belong to southern type and middile-northern type, respectively, in their distributional type. It is inferred that the wild Pyrus species are distributed preferably in the deciduous forest zone in Korea, compared to the other forest zones. In particular the Pyrus species are present alone or dominantly in only both the tree layer or subtree layer of the forests, reflecting their shade intolerance ecophysiologically. Thus they usually were distributed in SE or SW of slope aspect. Generally the canopy of the forests including the Pyrus species was so open. Species diversity of the vegetation units was highest in the Syneizesio-Quercetum serratae and lowest in the Ainsliaea acerifolia-Quercus mongolica community. The Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae and the Pyrus ussuriensis-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community are medium between the two.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management. On the basis of an systems ecology perspective, this suggests the sustainable development of Korea\`s natural environment and economic activity using the EMERGY evaluation. The total EMERGY use(7,730E20sej/yr) in Korea is 81 percent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. Continued availability of purchased inputs at a favorable balance of EMERGY trade, currently about 2.85 to 1 net EMERGY, tis the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net EMERGY of purchased inputs including fossil fuels goes down. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.23 and 20.30, respectively. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 2.2 million people, compared to 45.9 million in 1977. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Until now the development of a country has been achieved by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems. the efficiency of energy usage, and the transformation of the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.439-445
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• 2010

An emergy analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems consists of environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total emergy use (371 E20 sej/yr) of the Western Nakdong River Basin is 97 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. Emergy flows from the environment such as rain and geological uplift flux accounted for only 2.9 percent of total emergy use. Emergy yield ratio and environment loading ratio were 1.03 and 33.27, respectively. Emergy sustainability index, a ratio of emergy yield ratio to environment loading ratio, is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. It is necessary for an efficient management of Western Nakdong River Basin to reduce pollution load basically and to restructure economic activities into an environmental friendly industrial structure depending on renewable energy and resources.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.177-188
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine factors related to smoking behavior, and to develop multilevel communication strategies for smoking cessation. Methods: This paper reviewed theories and empirical findings with currents ecological models to develop communication strategies. Theory comparison was also performed to identify important mediators in the process of smoking cessation. Results: Factors that have been identified to influence smoking behavior ranges from individual perception, attitudes and self efficacy toward smoking to organizational norms, regulations, community capacity, media advocacy and public smoking regulation policy. In order to address these multi-level determinants of smoking behavior, objectives and strategies for smoking cessation intervention were developed utilizing ecological perspectives to cover intrapersonal, interpersonal(mainly family member and peers), organizational and community/public policy level factors. Conclusion: Multilevel approaches have advanced the existing knowledge on determinants of health behaviors. New direction of research focusing on testing multilevel intervention approaches should be expanded to inform the efficacy of applying social ecological models to health behavior change process.