• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2020

Street trees are very important to urban environments as they can alleviate air pollution. However, when ozone is absorbed through the stomata, it can induce the formation of free radicals inside the tree, negatively affecting the vegetation. The present study investigated the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of four major street tree species: Prunus yedoensis, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, and Pinus densiflora. Two-year-old seedlings were placed in a phytotron and fumigated with 100 nL·L^-1 (ppb) ozone for 4 weeks, following which the ascorbic acid contents, chlorophyll contents, leaf pHs, and relative water contents were measured. There was no significant difference in the APTI of Prunus yedoensis and Zelkova serrata between the ozone and control treatments. By contrast, the ozone treatment caused the APTI of Chionanthus retusus to increase and that of Pinus densiflora to decrease compared with the respective controls. These results suggest that the APTI of these tree species exhibit very different responses to ozone. Therefore, more detailed research should be conducted on a range of species in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 1998

It is common in foreign countries to make a compensative plan for environmental destruction which is caused by development action even in where development is permitted. But, in Korea, environmental plan was regarded as just meeting the legal standard of green area in site development. This study focused on the case of university project, LG village plan, is to evaluate the environment of the site using Hemeroby and suggested restoration plan in compensation for the destructive. The site was a huge development area of apartment located in Suwon. First of all, we evaluated the site using Hemeroby and compared this with LG village plan. Then, we made a compensative plan for the environmental destruction which was not compensated in LG village plan. The results were as follows; $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby of the Site was 80.1% before the development and, after the development, $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby of the site dropped to 43.7％ and meta-hemeroby increased from 56.3% to 17％. Therefore, we could accept the buildings of LG village development plan and suggested a compensative plan with which we could raise $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby like restoring the river, greening parking-lots and rooftops, revegetating cut slope.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.793-799
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• 2016

This study examined Platanus orientalis and Ulmus davidiana planted in downtown parks to identify the correlations among microclimatic factors such as temperature in the crown, air flow, and wind speed. For the field survey, measurements were taken at 1 hour intervals from 09:00 am to 06:00 pm in August. For the measurement of microclimatic factors, data on temperature, light intensity, air flow, and wind speed were collected using a quantum sensor (PAR Quantum Sensor SKP215), a precision thermometer (Pt1000-Sensor), and a combination anemometer (1467 G4 & HG4). The results of the analysis demonstrated that both Platanus orientalis and Ulmus davidiana, showed a greater cooling effect inside the crown as compared with the outside temperature. The cooling effect inside the crown was more evident with air flow and wind speed factors. With relation to wind, the inner temperature of the crown of Platanus orientalis decreased due to air flow while that of Ulmus davidiana decreased due to wind speed. With no wind, the average variation in temperature inside the crown was $-0.9^{\circ}C$ for Ulmus davidiana and $-0.958^{\circ}C$ for Platanus orientalis, indicating that Platanus orientalis was relatively more effective in lowering the temperature of the planting space than Ulmus davidiana. This study is significant because it shows that different tree species have different effects on the microclimate and that factors affecting the formation of the microclimate of trees may vary with species. Further studies on species other than broad leaf trees, such as evergreen trees and shrubs, are required in order to plan the distribution of landscaping trees that are effective in regulating the microclimate within urban green spaces.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

Urbanization can be remarkable affected flood, pollutant loading, ecological system, and green infrastructure by distortion of hydrologic cycle. In order to mitigate these problems in urban, Low Impact Development(LID) technique has been introduced and applied in the world. SWMM model was calibrated with sets of field monitoring data and applied for calculation of runoff and pollutant loading in Asan-tangjung LID city under 2016 rainfall. Runoff reduction of watershed and catchment basins were showed efficiency 12.2% and 62.0%, respectively. Reduction of COD and TP loading also high efficiency in catchment basins were evaluated 74.9 and 71.4%. The results of this study can be used effectively in decision making processes of urban development project by comparing watershed runoff and pollutant reduction by designs of sort of LID technique, LID volume and location.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.699-713
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• 2012

Palustrine wetland is often used for development work and green area creation. However, the ecological characteristic of vegetation is not frequently considered in planning. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate vegetation characteristic according to land-use of palustrine wetland and to provide basic materials in assessment of palustrine wetland and restoration and creation of wetland. Survey sites were caterogized into paddy, field, and mountain. Each category had two sites, so total 6 survey sites were investigated for vegetation. As a result, with a range of 61~92 species, total 216 taxa were confirmed, consisting of 71 families, 168 generic, 187 species, 2 variety 1 forma 1 subforma. Mountain received a high score in the evaluation score range of floristic regional indicator plants, and it was found that there were 10 families and 28 species of naturalized plant. Mountain showed low appearance, and fiddy and field showed relatively high appearance. Naturalized plants with slightly high vegetation cover ratio are Erigeron annuus, Amorpha fruticosa, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Trifolium repens, Erigeron Canadensis, Ambrosia trifida, Oenothera odorata, Bidens frondosa, etc. Such naturalized plants should be removed to prevent terrestrialization of wetland and its harmful damages. Long-term monitoring and proper management of naturalized plants are expected to improve palustrine wetland into high quality biotope of rural area in the future.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2016

To identify the relationship between land use and thermal environment in an urban area, the air temperature was measured at different places of land use, and the changes of land use and air temperature were traced for 40 years in Incheon City. The relationship between land use and temperature was also investigated using satellite image data. The results of temperature measurements on a forest, a cropland (rice paddy), a bareland (school ground), and an urban area (asphalt road) from 19 to 21 August 2014 showed that air temperature was the highest on a pavement road. The temperature increased by about $1.4^{\circ}C$ ($0.035^{\circ}C/year$) for 40 years from 1975 to 2014 in Incheon. The changes in land use patterns of Incheon for the past 40 years showed that urban dry land, bareland and grassland have increased and cultivated land, wetland and forest land have decreased gradually. The land surface temperature (LST) was correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) extracted from Landsat satellite image. The land surface temperature was lower at higher NDVI, and higher at higher NDBI. Therefore, it is important to conserve and restore the land use of greenery, wetlands, and agricultural land in order to mitigate the heat island effect and improve the thermal environment in an urban area.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

Social, economic and environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization have been recently overcome by various civic participation projects. Local governance and resident - led partnership through field - based cooperative operating systems from urban regeneration to village projects are considered success factors. Among these, the village greening project which directly affects the residents and requires spontaneity requires the role and cooperation of the various participating actors due to the sharing of public space and private space. Social capital plays a key role in the sustainability and participation of the above - mentioned business as a relational capital centered on trust and participation, network and norms. Therefore, empirical research is needed. In this study, basic research was carried out to build a formation model of social capital in participation - type greening project expanding urban green space system to living area. We analyzed the elements of participation, the components of business progress, and the factors of social capital formation through literature review and in - depth interviews with participating experts. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data of social capital formation model for analyzing sustainability and activation strategies in the future.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-242
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• 2011

Recently, the green spaces in the urban areas were greatly reduced due to urbanization and industrialization. As urban structures such as roads and buildings are built, the amount of impervious area within a watershed increases. High impervious surfaces are the common causes of high runoff volumes as the soil infiltration capacity decreases and the volume and rate of runoff increase thereby decreasing the groundwater recharge. These effects are causing many environmental problems, such as floods and droughts, climate change, heat island phenomenon, drying streams, etc. Most cities attempted to reduce sewer overflows by separating combined sewers, expanding treatment capacity or storage within the sewer system, or by replacing broken or decaying pipes. However, these practices can be enormously expensive than combined sewer overflows. Therefore, in order to improve these practices, alternative methods should be undertaken. A new approach termed as "Low Impact Development (LID)" technology is currently applied in developed countries around the world. The purpose of this study was to effectively manage runoff by adopting the LID techniques. Small Constructed Wetland(Horizontal Subsurface Flow, HSSF) Pilot-scale reactors were made in which monitoring and experiments were performed to investigate the efficiency of the system in removing pollutants from runoff. Based on the results of the Pilot-plant experiments, TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Pb removal efficiency were 95, 82, 35, 91 and 57%, respectively. Most of the pollutants were reduced after passing the settling tank and the vertical filter media. The results of this study can contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and restoration of natural water cycle in the urban areas.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.597-601
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• 2007

1990년대 정부는 비점오염원 부하의 심각성을 인식하여 1995년부터 한강, 낙동강, 금강 그리고 영산강 이른바 4대강 유역에 대한 비점오염원의 조사연구사업을 실시하였다. 그러나 비점오염원의 경우 처리시설만으로는 처리하는데 한계가 있다는 특성 때문에 도시지역과 비도시지역에 대한 비점오염원을 관리하기 위한 대책 마련과 제도적 관리방안의 수립이 시급한 실정이었다. 따라서 본 연구는 토지매수가 상수원 수질개선에 미치는 영향 및 효과분석을 하고, 토지매수를 통한 비점오염물질 저감효과 분석을 위해 토지매수에 따른 비점오염원에 의한 오염물질 변화 해석 및 토지매수에 따른 최적 수변녹지대 조성을 위한 식생 효과를 분석 하였다. 수변구역 내의 비점오염물질의 공공수역 유입을 억제하기 위한 방법들 중에서 보편적이고 자연친화적인 방법이 수변구역(riparian buffer strip), 또는 수변완충구역(riparian buffer zone)을 조성하여 관리하는 것이다. 수변구역은 하천유역의 토양, 식물, 동물을 포함하는 시스템으로서 하천흐름을 조절하고, 물을 저장하며, 물에서 유해한 물질을 제거할 뿐만 아니라, 수중 및 육상의 식물과 동물을 위한 서식처를 제공하는 등 수질과 수량 그리고 생태계 측면에서 중요한 지역이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 현재 낙동강 수계에 수변구역 조성시의 수질개선효과 연구를 수행하였다. 토지매수가 상수원 수질개선에 미치는 영향 및 효과분석을 위해서 SWAT 모형을 적용하여 유량 및 수질모의를 실시하였다. 유역내 수변구역을 조성시 수변구역의 범위가 증가함에 따라 비점오염원의 감소가 크게 나타나고 있었다.로 대부분의 가정(家庭)은 아침 식사로 밥을 좋아하였다. (8) 편식을 고치는 것이 어렵다고 하였으며, 어린이 간식에 대하여는 깊은 관심을 나타냈다. 2. 영양교육(營養敎育) 현황실태(現況實態) (1)식생활(食生活)에 필요한 지식(知識)은 신문이나 잡지, 라디오와 텔레비젼을 통해서 대체로 얻고 있다. (2) 음식과 영양섭취와의 관계성이 있다고 답한 주부(主婦)는 70.8% 이었으며, 가족(家族)의 영양(營養)에 대하여 늘 생각하는 주부는 60% 이었다. 3. 식품섭취 빈도 거의 먹지 않는 식품(食品)으로 버터가 43.%로 가장 높았고, 육류의 섭취율이 낮았다. 반면, 김치와 채소류의 섭취율은 높았다. 집단간의 상관도를 보면 교육별로 김치, 장아찌, 콩이 각각 p>0.5 수준에서 유의한 차가 없었고, 나머지는 유의한 차가 있었다. 연령별로는 멸치가 유의한 차가 없었고(p>0.5), 수입별로는 콩이 유의한 차가 없었다(p>0.5). 4. 영양지식(營養知識) 검토 가정생활(家庭生活)에 필요(必要)한 일반적(一般的)인 영양지식(營養知識)은 대체적으로 낮은 편이었다. 어린이 영양, 편식의 해로움, 비만증의 해로움, 임신부 그리고 수유부 영양에 대하여는 일반적으로 알고 있다고 하였으며, 그다음으로 이유기 영양, 어린이 발육에 필요한 식품, 식품과 영양소와의 관계, 우유의 성분, 노인영양에 대하여 잘 알고 있는 비율이 낮았으며, 인체의 영양소, 식단작성여부, 간식의 이론, 식품감별법에 대하여는 가장 낮은 비율을 나타냈다. 각 영양지식은 교육정도가 높을수록 영양지식이 높았고, 교육별 집단간의 유의한 차가 나타났다. (0.001

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.639-647
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• 1996

Raclamaton of tidal flats has been practiced in Korea since the fifteenth century mainly for agiculatural porposes. The total area of reclaimed lands in 1994was estimated to be 400 k$m^2$ which corresponds to 2% of the national farm land. Recently, reclamation has been undertaken extensively, and such a huge projects as Samemankum Development will add over 401k$m^2$ by 2004. The impact of coastal reclamation on the environment is enormous. Most of them are presumably instrumental in causing local changes of coastal ecology. Reclamation is expected to be undertaken continuosly and adverse effects are expected. The authors ineended to identify the impacts of reclamation on the study area, to seek the causes of the environmental prolems of Shiwha-District Reclamation, and to analyze ite Environmental Impact Assessment to for environmentally sound sustained development.