• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.521-528
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• 1988

Into the telecommunications industry, which had been monopolistic, a few advanced countries introduced competition through 70's and 80's. And this trend is going on worldwide. The introduction of competition into the industry is made mainly in the long distance, international and enhanced market. This liberalisation results from the fundamental change of the cost function. Suggesting that the cost comprises of that of the facility sector and that of the operation sector there exists the economies of scale in the facility sector in general. The major ground for the monopolistic industrial structure in the past was the natural monopoly depending on the economies of scale. But the rapid advance of the technology by a large margin. This decrease has resulted in the change of the cost function. That is while there exists the economies of scale in the smaller production scale, the average cost increases beyond a certain scale. This means that the natural monopoly collapsed, and that the competitive structure is more efficient than the monopolistic structure. But, because there exists economies of scale in the smaller scale, the desirable number of players, which could result in efficient industry structure depends on the market size. Such correlation between technological level market size and the degree of regulation is found in the case of U.S.A., Japan and U.K., where deregulation policy of the telecommunications market has already been carried out. In U.S.A., which has the largest market and the highest technological level the degree of regulation is lowest. Also in the order of Japan and U.K. the regulation is severer. Japan and U.K. are likely to liberalize still more, as the technology advances and the market grows. This article is just the beginning of the research, and this hypothesis requires more detailed research.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.273-298
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• 1995

1960년대, 각국의 환율이 미국의 달러화에 연동(pegging)된 고정환율제도를 근간으로 하는 브레튼우즈(Bretton Woods)체제하에서 각국의 중앙은행은 환율을 일정한 범위 내로 유지하기 위한 정책수단으로 외환시장개입을 적극 활용하였다. 1973년 브레튼우즈체제하의 고정환율제도가 붕괴되고 변동환율제도가 채택된 이후에도 각국의 외환시장개입정책은 계속되었다. 1980년대에 레이건 행정부의 재정팽창정책과 미연방준비은행의 긴축통화정책으로 금리의 지속적인 상승과 미달러화의 큰폭의 절상이 이루어 졌다. 이에 국제무역의 위기를 우려한 미국, 독일, 프랑스, 영국, 일본 등 선진 5개국(Group-5, G5)은 1985년 9월 22일 미 달러화의 절하를 위해 외환시장에 공동으로 개입할 것을 주내용으로 한 플라자합의(Plaza Agreement)를 발표하였다. 그후에도 1987년 2월 23일 열린 루브르협정(Louvre Accord, G-6 Communique)에서 환율을 현수준으로 유지시키기 위한 목표환율대(Target zone)를 설정하고 외환시장개입을 통해 이를 유지하기로 합의한 바 있다. 이후의 구미각국은 환율의 관리를 위하여 국가가 공동으로 외환시장에 개입하곤 했다. 본 논문은 1987년 루브르협정 이후 미국, 독일 및 일본의 중앙은행의 외환시장 개입 정책이 소기의 목적을 달성했는지의 여부를 규명해 보고자 한다. 즉, Federal Reserve, Bundesbank 및 Bank of Japan의 외환시장개입이 현물환율시장(spot market)에서 각각의 변동성을 감소 시켰는지의 여부를 독일의 마르크화 및 일본의 엔화를 중심으로 규명해 보고자 한다. 1981년 루브르협정이후, 미국, 독일 및 일본의 중앙은행은 미국 달러화에 대한 마르크 및 엔화의 환율을 안정시키기 위해 꾸준히 외환시장에 개입해 왔다. 외환시장의 개입유형은 크게 태화외환시장개입(non-sterilized intervention)과 불태화외환시장개입(sterilized intervention)으로 구분할 수 있는데, 전자는 외환당국이 민간부문과 외화채권을 거래함으로써 본원통화의 크기가 변하는 개입형태를 의미하는 반면에 후자는 외환당국의 순외화자산의 크기변화가 본원통화의 변화를 초래하지 않는 경우이다. 즉, 불태화외환시장개입은 순외화자산의 증감이 순국내자산의 증감과 반비례해서 이루어지기 때문에 본원통화의 크기에는 변함이 없다. 외환시장개입이란 외환당국이 은행간 시장에서 민간시잔 참가자들과 행하는 적극적인 외환거래를 의미한다. 반면, 넓은 의미에서의 외환시장개입에는 수동적 외환시장개입이라고 불리는 고객거래가 포함된다. 후자의 거래는 국내통화 및 외화표시 자산의 상대적 공급규모를 변화시킨다는 의미에서 전통적외환시장개입과 동일한 효과를 갖기 때문에 광의의 외환시장 개입으로 분류된다. 외환시장의 개입목적은 크게 세 가지로 분류할 수 있다. 첫째, 환율의 안정적 운영이다. 환율수준이 자유롭게 변화되는 변동환율제도하에서 환율의 지나친 변동으로 인한 실물경제로의 부정적인 영향을 최소화하기 위해서 환율의 지나친 변동으로 인한 실물경제로의 부정적인 영향을 최소화하기 위해서 환율의 안정을 정책 목표로 설정하는 경우와 고정환율제도하에서 환율을 일정수준으로 유지시키기 위해서 외환당국이 외환시장에 개입하는 경우가 여기에 해당된다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 환율수준의 균형수준으로의 조정이다. 이때 야기될 수 있는 문제점으로는 환율균형 수준을 어떻게 정의, 추정할 것이냐 하는 점과 목표환율정책이 다른 정책목표와 상충될 수 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 외환당국이 공적외환보유액이나 구성을 변화시킬 목적으로 외환시장에 개입하는 경우이다. 이때의 외환시장개입은 현재의 환율수준이 개입으로 인하여 과도하게 이탈하는 문제가 발생하지 않을 것을 전제로 한다. 본고에서는 현물환율에 영향을 미치는 요소로 미국, 독일 및 일본의 중앙은행의 개입효과, 요일효과, 통화의 공급량(M1), 무역적자의 폭, 산업의 생산량, 생산가격지수(PPI), 소비자물가지수(CPI), 실업률, 옵션의 내재적 변동성 등을 고려한다. 환율의 변동성을 추정하는 식은 GARCH 모델이 사용된다. 본 추정모델은 Dominguez(1993)의 확장이다. Dominguez (1993)의 논문은 GARCH 모델을 써서 미국, 독일 및 일본의 중앙은행의 시장개입효과를 분석했으나, 거시변수를 고려대상에서 제외시켰다. 본 논문은 위의 방법에 거시변수를 삽입하고 모델을 변형시켜서 더 확실한 시장개입효과와 거시변수효과를 밝혔다. 또한 옵션의 내제적 변동성을 구하는 과정에서 American option model을 사용하는 대신, Bourtha & Courtadon (1987)등이 밝힌 바와 같이 American style option이라 할지라도, European Model을 쓰면 더욱더 간편하고, 예측력도 American Model에 뒤지지 않음을 이용하여, European Model을 써서 내재적 변동성을 구한 다음 이것을 독립변수로 이용하였다. 본 모델의 추정 결과는 3국의 시장개입정책이 현물환율과 옵션의 내재적 변동성을 증가시켜서 Louvre 협정이후 각국은 시장개입의 목적을 달성하지 못한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.89-99
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• 2005

The golf courses more than about 200 are operating in Korea. From the golf courses, a great amount of turfgrass clippings tend to increase, steadily. Materials used in the experiment were Creeping Bentgrass(CB), Kentucky Bluegrass(KB), Korean Lawngrass(KL), rice bran and composted chicken drop. Treatments are CB, KB, and KL. The temperature during the composting of all treatments increased rapidly and reached at the highest temperature($57.9^{\circ}C$, $67.8^{\circ}C$, $74.3^{\circ}C$) within 20 days, and then stabilized to the range of $35.2{\sim}41.6^{\circ}C$ at the 30th day. The pH values of all treatments decreased on the first day. However, they were increased rapidly after three days and decreased again on 10~20 days. The pH values of all treatments at the final day were stabilized to the low alkali levels. The contents of total carbon during the period of composting tend to decrease and total nitrogen was increased for factor of reduction of volume. CEC value of all treatments during the period of composting tends to increase. The round paper chromatogram of extracted solution of KL sample was the sharpest and clearest among all treatments. The G.I. values of CB, KB, and KL in 30th day of composting were about 95.1, 77.7, and 98.7 in germination test using chinese cabbage, respectively. Conclusively, all turfgrass clippings used in this experiment were composted well, suitable as composting products standardized by KSC. The maturity of the final compost samples is best in KL, followed by CB and KB treatments. The turfgrass compost can contribute to the plant cultivation for environment-friendly farm, and the results of this study can become the basic data of turfgrass clippings compost. Further research on the mixing ratio of each material is required to produce compost of good quality.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.535-542
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• 2012

This study was carried out from 2011 to 2012 in order to analyze the cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types in the southern provinces for the purpose of utilizing organic rice farming guidelines. This surveys were conducted by site visit on 8 counties and 115 farms in southern area. Cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types were cultivated by the principle of minimum input or non-input. cropping systems, a mixture of barley and rice, or rice green manure crops were grown. Cultivars were mixture of the local cultivars and Japanese varieties. Soil were managed by a self-manufactured compost, indigenous microorganisms and barley straw without any fertilization. Pest control was mainly practied by purchased eco-friendly organic materials or herbal medication residue and indigenous microbial self-manufactured. Weed was controled by snails and barley straw. In addition, considering the restore of a longtail pitching shrimp and grasshoppers, the fuction of environmental ecology of six organic rice cultivation type proved to be excellent all. Meanwhile, the productivity of the organic farming per 10a were the order of Life and environment > Natural circulation > Stevia > Ji jang > Art and nature > Taepyoung of Farming Methods, but the farmers received prices showed the opposite tendency. Simple profitablity did not show a big difference. But, the productivity of all type of the organic farming were lower then the conventional farming. Finally, If we want to conduct safety and easy farming, we can suggest stevia farming, Natural circulation farming and life and environmental farming out of 6 organic rice cultivation types.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.181-198
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to develop a on-line design tool for effectively coping with e-Business environment, or product design process into a Cyber model for traditional manufacturers which attempts new product development under such environment. It was finally developed as a model named $\ulcorner$Design Vortal Site; e-BVDS) that was based on the structure and style of internet web site. Results of the study can be described as follows ; \circled1 e-Business is based on the Internet. All processes in the context of e-Business require models whose structure and method of use are on-line styles. \circled2 In case that a traditional manufacturing business is converted into e-Business, it is better to first consider Hybrid Model that combines resources and advantages of both such traditional and digital businesses. \circled3 The product design process appropriate for e-Business environment has to have a structure and style that ensure utilization of the process as an Internet web site, active participation by product developers and interactive communication between participants in designing and designers. \circled4 $\ulcorner$e-BDVS) makes possible the use of designers around the wend like in-house designers, overcoming lack in creativity, ideas and human resources traditional business organizations face. However, the operation of $\ulcorner$e-BDVS$\lrcorner$ requires time and budget investments in securing related elements and conditions. \circled5 Cyber designers under $\ulcorner$e-BDVS$\lrcorner$ can easily perform all design projects in cyber space. But they have some limits in playing a role as designers and they have difficulty in getting rewards if such projects completed by them are not finally accepted. \circled6 $\ulcorner$e-BDVS) ensures the rapid use of a wide range of design information and data, reception of a variety of solutions and ideas and effective design development, all of which are not possible through traditional processes. However, this process may not be suitable to be used routine process or tool. \circled7 $\ulcorner$e-BDVS$\lrcorner$ makes it possible for out-sourcing or partners businesses to overcome restrictions in time and space and improve productivity and effectiveness. But such they may have to continue off-line works that can not be treated on-line.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial contamination levels on food service in university and to provide the information of microbial contamination to improve food safety. A total of 288 samples were collected during summer and winter season between 2006 and 2008 from 4 food services located in the university in Western Gyeongnam and were used to detect sanitary indicator bacteria [aerobic plate count (APC), coliform, and Escherichia coli] and pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp.). As a result, APC and coliform for hand and kitchen utensils which are used often by the employee were detected at high levels of 1.1~5.5 and 1.3~5.3 log CFU/($100\;cm^2$, hand), respectively. The contamination levels of APC and coliform in cooked foods and drinking water were 0.8~6.4 and 1.3~5.0 log CFU/(g, mL), respectively. Especially, the cooked foods showed the highest contamination for APC (2.1~6.4 log CFU/g) and coliform (1.0~5.0 log CFU/g). We think the reason that the cooked foods may be contaminated with APC and coliform on cooking process by using employee's hand and kitchen utensils. Moreover, S. aureus for hand and kitchen utensils was detected at levels of 2.8~3.0 and 2.0~2.3 log CFU/(g, hand), but Salmonella spp. was not detected. According to the above results, contamination levels of the samples were mostly decreased irrespective of summer and winter season. The results obtained indicated that it is necessary to periodic monitoring for microorganism contamination and education about personal and environmental hygiene to employee for ensuring food safety of food service in university.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

Companies have been making considerable efforts to develop innovative products for better competitiveness in the market, however, the education curriculum for innovative product development (IPD) in domestic universities needs has not been well developed. The present study was intended to identify the needs of students and practitioners regarding teaching subjects, pedagogical methods, and industry-academia collaboration that can be reflected in the development of IPD education curriculum. Through a literature survey 46 IPD teaching subjects of 7 categories (planning, feasibility analysis, concept development, product design, manufacturing process design, production, and ethics & law) were selected. Opinions on the preferences and importances of the teaching subjects, pedagogical methods, and industry-academia collaboration were collected from 53 college students who took courses of product development and 36 practitioners working in product development. While the students preferred the balanced teaching of all the subject categories, the practitioners suggested planning and concept development be taught with high importance; 6 subjects (product development strategy, customer needs identification, market research, concept generation method, design ideation method, and ergonomic design) received high ratings of preference and importance. The students preferred the mix of various pedagogical methods (lecture, discussion, presentation, practice, and case study) and provided needs on each pedagogical method. Lastly, the students wanted an opportunity of learning through industry-academia collaboration and the practitioners provided ideas for mutual benefits between industry and academia. The needs of students and practitioners identified in the study can be effectively applied to develop a better IPD education curriculum.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Dog spermatozoa were recovered from the caudae epididymides of 23 domestic dogs which were 11 pure breed and 12 mix-breed dogs ranging in age from 0.6 to 3 years. The experimental designs were as follows: 1) the effect of chilling to 0. 10 or 37$^{\circ}C$. 2) the kinetics of chilling injury at 0 or 4$^{\circ}C$, and 3) the effect of sugars at $0^{\circ}C$. Viable spermatozoa were recovered by percoll gradient separation and adjusted to 5${\times}$10$^{7}$ spermatozoa/ml. In experiment 1, spermatozoa were diluted with 0.33 M glucose supplemented with 3% BSA (G-BSA) at 1:2 dilution. Spermatozoa were loaded into straws and exposed at 0, 10 or 37$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. In experiment 2, spermatozoa were prepared as the experiment 1 and exposed for 0.5, 5, 15, or 30 min at 0 or 4$^{\circ}C$. In experiment 3, spermatozoa were diluted with different sugars (0.33 M galactose, glucose, fructose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, raffinose) and cooled to $0^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Sperm membrane integrity, motility and acrosome integrity were assayed after rewarming at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Sperm motility and membrane integrity abruptly decreased with decreasing temperature but acrosome integrity gradually decreased (P<0.05). Sperm motility was more sensitive to cold shock than membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Spermatozoa cooled to $0^{\circ}C$ were more damaged than those at 4$^{\circ}C$. Sperm motility was not different among exposed times at both. 0 and 4$^{\circ}C$. However, membrane integrity of spermatozoa exposed for 30 min at both 0 and 4$^{\circ}C$ was significantly lower (P<0.05). Spermatozoa diluted in 0.33 M fructose or galactose showed lower motility and higher morphological abnormality with coiled tail at $0^{\circ}C$. These sperm characteristics were strongly related. These results indicate that dog epididymal spermatozoa are relatively sensitive to rapid cooling and higher morphological abnormality at $0^{\circ}C$ was shown in spermatozoa diluted in fructose and galactose.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The leaf aqueous extracts from five gymnosperms plant were investigated for allelopathy with five Hibiscus syriacus varieties. The leaf aqueous extract of Pinus rigida had the highest total phenolic compound of 2.21mg/L, whereas the soil under Pinus koraiensis canopy had the highest total phenolic compound of 1.38mg/L. Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated from five gymnosperm plants by HPLC. Among them, phenolic compounds were the highest in P. rigida (320.56 g/mg) with the primary compound 5-sulfosalicylic acid (312.55 g/mg). The correlation between leaf total phenolic compound and pH was not significant, while the total phenolic compound of the leaf extract changed soil pH. The relative seed germination of H. syriacus varieties showed 25% was threshold concentration. The germination rates of varieties were similar to the control group or showed slight stimulation to treatment of P. koraiensis extract. H. syriacus Cambanha was similar to the control group or showed stimulation in all treated groups. H. syriacus Seohohyang showed stimulation in both root and shoot growth compared to the control group. In other varieties except Seohohyang, shoot growth was similar to the control group, while root growth was stimulated in all treated groups. The extracts of tested gymnosperms showed significantly more stimulation to transplanted Seohohyang seedlings, whereas others were similar to control or inhibited in the greenhouse. The dry weight of Seohohyang was greater in all treated groups than the control group, while other varieties were inhibited. All gymnosperm extracts stimulated the chlorophyll contents of Seohohyang and H. syriacus Koyoro but other varieties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, it is suggested that Seohohyang seems the most desirable when planted within these five gymnosperms.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.133-149
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• 2014

One of the main purposes of universities is to create new intellectual resources that will increase social values. These intellectual resources include academic research papers, lecture notes, patents, and creative ideas produced by both professors and students. However, intellectual resources in universities are often not distributed to the actual users or companies; and moreover, they are not even systematically being managed inside of the universities. Therefore, it is almost impossible for companies to access the knowledge created by university students and professors to utilize them. Thus, the current level of knowledge sharing between universities and industries are very low. This causes a great extravagant with high-quality intellectual and human resources, and it leads to quite an amount of social loss in the modern society. In the 21st century, the creative ideas are the key growth powers for many industries. Many of the globally leading companies such as Fedex, Dell, and Facebook have established their business models based on the innovative ideas created by university students in undergraduate courses. This indicates that the unconventional ideas from young generations can create new growth power for companies and immensely increase social values. Therefore, this paper suggests of a new platform for intellectual properties distribution with university-industry cooperation. The suggested platform distributes intellectual resources of universities to industries. This platform has following characteristics. First, it distributes not only the intellectual resources, but also the human resources associated with the knowledge. Second, it diversifies the types of compensation for utilizing the intellectual properties, which are beneficial for both the university students and companies. For example, it extends the conventional monetary rewards to non-monetary rewards such as influencing on the participating internship programs or job interviews. Third, it suggests of a new knowledge map based on the relationships between key words, so that the various types of intellectual properties can be searched efficiently. In order to design the system platform, we surveyed 120 potential users to obtain the system requirements. First, 50 university students and 30 professors in humanities and social sciences departments were surveyed. We sent queries on what types of intellectual resources they produce per year, how many intellectual resources they produce, if they are willing to distribute their intellectual properties to the industries, and what types of compensations they expect in returns. Secondly, 40 entrepreneurs were surveyed, who are potential consumers of the intellectual properties of universities. We sent queries on what types of intellectual resources they want, what types of compensations they are willing to provide in returns, and what are the main factors they considered to be important when searching for the intellectual properties. The implications of this survey are as follows. First, entrepreneurs are willing to utilize intellectual properties created by both professors and students. They are more interested in creative ideas in universities rather than the academic papers or educational class materials. Second, non-monetary rewards, such as participating internship program or job interview, can be the appropriate types of compensations to replace monetary rewards. The results of the survey showed that majority of the university students were willing to provide their intellectual properties without any monetary rewards to earn the industrial networks with companies. Also, the entrepreneurs were willing to provide non-monetary compensation and hoped to have networks with university students for recruiting. Thus, the non-monetary rewards are mutually beneficial for both sides. Thirdly, classifying intellectual resources of universities based on the academic areas are inappropriate for efficient searching. Also, the various types of intellectual resources cannot be categorized into one standard. This paper suggests of a new platform for the distribution of intellectual materials and human resources, with university-industry cooperation based on these survey results. The suggested platform contains the four major components such as knowledge schema, knowledge map, system interface, and GUI (Graphic User Interface), and it presents the overall system architecture.