• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2014

In this study, two commercial PCR and ELISA test kits were examined for identification of eight animal species (beef, pork, chicken, duck, turkey, goat, lamb, and horse) from raw meat and meat products in Korea. The detection limit in RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on three types of meat samples blended with beef, pork and chicken, demonstrated that all meat species were differentiable down to 0.2%. RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on animal species resulted in differentiation rate of 94.5% for beef, 93.3% for pork, 90% for lamb, and 100% for chicken, duck, turkey, goat, and horse. In contrast, Powercheck Animal Species ID PCR kit$^{TM}$ resulted in 100% specificity at 0.05% limit of detection for all meat species. The detection limit of Cooked Meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on mixed meat samples heat-treated with different temperatures and times, resulted in 0.1% for all heat-treated mixed meat except for chicken at 1.0%. Additionally, ELISA kit on sixty meat products resulted in specificity of 31.8% for ham, 13.6% for sausages, and 12.5% for ground processed products, and relatively low rate for more than 2 types of mixed meats. On the contrary, meat species differentiation using PCR kit showed higher percentage than that using ELISA kit$^{(R)}$: 50.0% for ham, 41.7% for sausages, and 28.6% for ground processed meat. Futhermore, PCR kit on 54 dried beef meats detected pork genes in 13 products whereas ELISA kit showed negative results for all products. Hence, the possibility of cross-contamination during manufacturing process was investigated, and it was found that identical tumblers, straining trays, cutters and dryers were used in both beef and pork jerky production line, suggesting the inclusion of pork genes in beef products due to cross-contamination. In this study, PCR and ELISA test kits were found to be excellent methods for meat species differentiation in raw meat and heat-processed mixed meat. However, lower differentiation rate demonstrated in case of meat processed products raised the possibility of inclusion of other species due to cross-contamination during manufacturing process.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 2017

Rivers continuously transport terrestrial organic carbon matter to the estuary and the ocean, and they play a critical role in productivity and biodiversity in the marine ecosystem as well as the global carbon cycle. The amount of terrestrial organic carbon transporting from the rivers to ocean is an essential piece of information, not only for the marine ecosystem management but also the carbon budget within catchment. However, this phenomenon is still not well understood. Most large rivers in Korea have a well-established national monitoring system of the river flow and the TOC (Total Organic Carbon) concentration from the mountain to the river mouth, which are fundamental for estimating the amount of the TOC flux. We estimated the flux of the total terrestrial organic carbon of five large rivers which flow out to the Yellow Sea, using the data of the national monitoring system (the monthly mean TOC concentration and the monthly runoff of river flow). We quantified the annual TOC flux of the five rivers, showing their results in the following order: the Han River ($18.0{\times}10^9gC\;yr^{-1}$)>>Geum River ($5.9{\times}10^9gC\;yr^{-1}$)>Yeongsan River ($2.6{\times}10^9gC\;yr^{-1}$)>Sumjin River ($2.0{\times}10^9gC\;yr^{-1}$)>>Tamjin River ($0.2{\times}10^9gC\;yr^{-1}$). The amount of the Han River, which is the highest in the Korean rivers, corresponds to be 4% of the annual total TOC flux of in the Yellow River, and moreover, to be 0.6% of Yangtze River.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable dietary questionnaire to assess human exposure to food-borne hazards. Eleven food-borne hazards were chosen as a priority control list through a literature review and advisory committees. The 11 food-borne hazards were phthalate, aflatoxin, bisphenol A, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and acrylamide. The characteristics, exposure level, and paths of these hazards were reviewed, and questionnaire items were identified to assess human exposure from the literature. A questionnaire was developed for each selected food based on its characteristics. Based on the items in the individual questionnaires, a comprehensive questionnaire, which contained demographic characteristics, job information, socioeconomic factors, health related lifestyles, and dietary behaviors, was developed. A 99-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess food-borne hazard exposure was also developed. The FFQ included frequency of food intake during the previous year, container type for purchasing and storing food, and cooking method. The questionnaire developed in this study could be applied to assess dietary factors during an exposure assessment of food-borne hazards in a large population. A validation study for the questionnaire is needed before applying it to surveys.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.634-643
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• 2012

Job stress is emerging as one of major issues related to oral health in modern society that has increasingly been complicated and diversified. The purpose of this study was to examine the job stress and dry mouth of workers and their self-diagnosed oral symptoms in an attempt to determine the relationship between job stress and dry mouth. The subjects in this study were 366 workers, and a survey was conducted to June 1 to 20, 2012. Whether there would be any differences in dry mouth and self-diagnosed oral symptoms according to job stress was analyzed, and it's found that there were significant differences in dry mouth according to organizational climate. And oral symptoms made significant differences to job demand, interpersonal conflicts, organizational system, lack of reward and job stress. There was a positive correlation between dry mouth and organizational climate, and oral symptoms had a significant correlation to job demand, interpersonal conflicts, job insecurity, organizational system, job stress and dry mouth. Organizational climate and lack of reward had a significant impact on dry mouth, and oral symptoms were under the significant influence of dry mouth, job insecurity and organizational system.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

Allele information from the analysis of the 13 microsatellite (MS) markers, were classified into the $F_0$, $F_1$ and $F_2$ generations, and probabilities of the same individual emergency in each generation was calculated. As a result, the 13 MS markers showed an estimate of $3.84{\times}10^{-23}$ on the premise of the randomly mated group of $F_2$, which implies that the same individuals may emerge by the use of 37 kinds of SNP markers. In this study, the experimental pigs were intercross between only 2 breeds (Korean native pig and Landrace). In addition, the success rate of paternity tests was analyzed on the whole group, by the use of the 13 MS markers and 37 SNP markers. As regards the exclusionary power of the second parent ($PE_{pu}$), MS markers and SNP markers showed 0.97897 and 0.99149, respectively. In relation to the parent exclusion power of both parent (PE), MS markers and SNP markers showed 0.99916 and 0.99949, respectively. In the case of the estimate to identify parental candidates that had the highest probability ($PNE_{pp}$), the two showed 1.00000 all. The Korean pig industry tends to mass produce hogs with limited numbers of alleles in limited parents. Such being the case, there is a need to organize a marker, for which it is imperative to find markers with high efficiency and high economic feasibility of the characteristics of DNA markers, sample size, the accuracy and expenses of genotyping cost, the manageability of data and the compatibility among analysis systems.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.187-191
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• 2011

Rising soil temperature was effectively controled by shading net of 50% and cooled water to maintain average $18.8^{\circ}C$ (maximum $23^{\circ}C$), then shading net of 50% and ground water to maintain average $23.2^{\circ}C$ (max. $28.5^{\circ}C$), shading paint of 30% and shading net (50%) to maintain average $24^{\circ}C$ (max. $30^{\circ}C$) in that order. Alstroemeria 'Modena' most affected by shading and cooling water was better in shoot length as 95.9 cm and fresh weight as 67 g than those of other treatments. The production of cut flower was increased more 121% with treatment 50% shading net and cooling water, 59% with 50% shading net and ground water, and 65% with 30% shading paint than that of 50% shading net, respectively. Soil temperature was higher $8^{\circ}C$ with the plot of circulating warm water than untreated control plot. Alstroemeria 'Aspen', 'Modena', and 'Chanel' increased more plant growth such as plant height, fresh weight in warm water than in untreated control plot, but Alstroemeria 'Bordeaux' decreased plant height. Because of increasing plant growth, flower quality such as peduncle length, peduncle diameter, floret number and flower weight of 4 all cultivar was better in the plot of circulating warm water than untreated control plot. Also, the production of cut flower was increased the most in Alstroemeria 'Modena' by 38%, 'Aspen', 'Bordeaux', and 'Chanel' in that order.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 1988

This study focused on the anding of Inchon's identity The empirical method and ethnomethodological approaches were used to collect the data. Among members ofcitizen movement groups,government workers,and students who are living inInchon were selected as 613 samples using a purposive sampling method. MultipleClassification Analysis (MCA) and cross-tabulation methods were used in theanalysisThe study of identity in an area is important in terms of providing the solution ofthe problem in a region and social integration of the citizens. The scores of the indexabout Inchon's identity are quite low and more than half of the respondents to allthree groups showed the middle position of the scores from the identity index. By thecharacteristics of the respondents,female,unmarried single,30 years or more,lowerincome groups showed relatively higher identity index scores than other counter-parts . And professional,administrative,clerical workers'identity index scores werehigher than people who work at sales,service,and agricultural sectors. Respondentswith 2 years of college or more,with intentions to donate special monies for cultural, social welfare, environmental reform,persons who want to live in Inchon for along period of time equipped with a stronger identity index.For the character of Inchon's identity,there are no identity,making it fromnow on,capacity or broad-minded city,vanguard pioneer,displeased, Oiversity/multiplicity of the city,defense spirit from foreign invasion,entrancecity from the world in that order. Therefore,it is hard to say what exactly Inchon'simage is in a single word. However,Inchon can be characterized as a diverse citywith capacity to live together without any serious conflicts among citizens who come from Seoul,Kyunggi-Do,Chungchung-Do,Chunla-Do,Kyungsang-Do,and foreign countries including North Korea. These facts imply that Inchon should continue topursue this image as a diverse city with capacity as an identity pursuing towardsworld city and hub city of North East Asia.ty as an identity pursuing towardsworld city and hub city of North East Asia. East Asia.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.688-695
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• 2011

This study was carried out for some survey about soil compaction in the multi-cropping system of paddy field. Investigated sites were 90 farmer's fields in south-eastern part of Korea. The tillage practices season was different according to cropping system of paddy; in spring for mono rice cultivation and in autumn for the multi-cropping field. The average tillage depth in investigated sites was about 25 cm, however, it is different between the farmer's tillage practices and soil characteristics. It is high correlation to tillage deep and minimum resistance of penetration. The reaching soil deep to maximum resistance of penetration was about 27 cm, and average penetration resistance of the deep is 1.8~2.0 MPa for moderately fine-textured soils and more than 3.0 MPa for moderately coarse-textured soils. The difference of penetration resistance between cultivating and compacted layer was in order to sandy loam > clayey loam > clayey, and the difference was lesser in poorly drained soils than somewhat poorly ones. In the rice mono cropping field, the maximum resistance in no-tillage for 15 years was 1.18~1.25 Mpa at 20~25 cm in soil deep, however, the resistance of field with every year tillage practices was 2.03~2.21 Mpa. In the extremely compacted sandy loam textured soils, the penetration resistance at 30 cm in soil depth was drastically reduced by the subsoil from 5.2 Mpa to 3.2 Mpa, and the watermelon root in plastic film house was deep elongated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2021

There is a growing interest in rice cultivation on farms with irrigation facilities in desert climates. We investigated the growth characteristics and yields of two rice cultivars (FL478 and Asemi) irrigated at field capacities (FCs) of 80%, 100%, and 120% in a lysimeter with coarse sandy soils. The results showed that at the heading stage, the FC 100% treatment had the highest plant height and number of tillers between the two cultivars. At the harvest period, the culm and panicle lengths of both cultivars at FC 100% were similar to those of the control. In contrast, the number of panicles, grain number per panicle, and percentage of ripened grains were the highest in the control. Moreover, FL478 and Asemi had the highest grain yields of 1.40 and 2.20 kg·pot^-1 in the control, respectively. For both cultivars, the grain yields of the FC 100% and FC 120% treatments were approximately 70% of the control. In comparison, FL478 and Asemi had the highest water productivity of 0.45 and 0.63 kg·m^3-1 for the FC 80% treatment, followed by the FC 100% treatment (0.42 and 0.59 kg·m^3-1, respectively), which was nearly 14.3% and 20.3% higher than that of the control. Therefore, we found that irrigation at FC 100% is anticipated to be effective in managing surface drip irrigation for rice cultivation in desert climates in arid environments, while maintaining rice yields.