• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

Methylmercury, an organic derivative, is the principal form of mercury that biomagnifies and causes neurodegenerative symptoms in animals. In recent years, living modified organism (LMO) resulting from biotechnology has played a highly visible and controversial role. Despite the potential benefits of this technology, public concerns have been raised about the environmental risk of LMO. The concern on the risk from LMO release has urged efforts to evaluate and manage the risks of the LMO. To build up the capacity building of risk assessment method for LMO used environmental remediation, we engineered Solanum nigrum L, expressing the modified bacterial gene, merB, encoding organomercurial lyase. Two independently isolated transgenic lines produced merB RNA. Transgenic Solanum nigrum leaf discs expressing merB gene showed organic mercury resistance, forming shoots well on growth medium containing $0.5{\mu}M$ methylmercury (II) chloride and $1{\mu}M$ phenylmercuric acetate while control plants breached. Transgenic merB seeds germinated and grew on growth medium containing $2{\mu}M$ methylmercury (II) chloride and phenylmercuric acetate. The merB transgenic plants will be used for risk assessment of natural environment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.549-560
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• 2015

The priorities of siting restriction was derived from quantification of environmental hazard according to industrial classification based on 'Chemical Ranking and Scoring System(CRS)' which is handling the discharge characteristics of 31 industrial classifications regulated from locating at 'Industrial Complex in Rural Area(ICRA)'. CRS that is utilizing the data of 'Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers(PRTR)' is applied to determine human health risk and ecological risk which are calculated by discharged amount and materials $LC_{50}$ according to water, soil and air media based on industrial classification. From this process, exposure assessment and toxicity assessment for integrating the adverse environmental impact and the mitigation effect of environmental risk according to the development of environmental technologies into establishing the rational landuse management method for the 31 industrial classifications regulated from locating at ICRA was analyzed. From the assessment result of the siting restriction removal at ICRA for 31 industrial classifications, based on 2012 year reference 6 industries that includes Manufacture of Guilt Coloration Surface Processing Steel Materials, Manufacture of Biological Product, Manufacture of Smelting Refining and Alloys of Copper, Dyeing and Finishing of Fibers and Yarns, Manufacture of Other Basic Iron and Steel n.e.c., Rolling Drawing and Extruding of Non-ferrous Metals n.e.c. are calculated as having relatively lower environmental hazards, thus it is judged that the siting restriction mitigation at ICRA is possible for the 6 industrial classifications that are not discharging the specific hazardous water contaminants during manufacturing process.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 1996

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug that has been shown to be as effective as phenytoin or phenobarbital in treatment of grand mal and complex partial seizures and is also approved as the drug of choice for treatment of the pain associated with trigerminal neuralgia. And the therapeutic or toxic effects of carbamazepine are better related to plasma concentration than to dosage, which can be attributed to interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics. A slow rate of carbamazepine dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract is believed to be the cause of its relatively slow and erratic rate of absorption. For these reasons pharmacokinetic evaluation of newly formulated carbamazepine is neccessary. In this study, the bioequivalence in carbamazepine between the $TegretoI^{TM}$ CR tablet (Geigy Co.) and $Carmazepine^{TM}$ CR tablet (Myung In Co.) was evaluated. 12 normal volunteers (age $21\~27$ years old) was divided into two groups, and a randomized cross-over study was employed. The pharmacokinetic parameters ($C_{max},\;T_{max}$ and AUC) obtained of oral administration of each formulatim of carbamazepine 400 mg were evaluated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. $C_{max}\;is\;8.26{\pm}3.1{\mu}g/ml\;(C.V.\;37.3\%)\;in\;TegretoI^{TM}\;and\;9.39\{pm}2.9{\mu}g/ml\;(C.V.\;30.5\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM},\;T_{max}\;is\;28.0{\pm}5.9\;hrs(C.V.\;21.1\%)$ in $Tegretol^{TM}\;and\;24.0{\pm}7.2\;hrs(C.V.\;30.2\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM}$ and AUC is $786.4{\pm}360.5{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml\;(C.V.\;45.8\%)$ in $TegretoI^{TM}\;and\;792.8{\pm}228.6{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml\;(C.V.\;28.8\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM}$, respectively. As the result of the data, two formulations are bioequvalent, and the lower C.V. of $Carmazepine^{TM}$ in every individual can be merit.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.437-446
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• 2014

Problems appear when triptans are taken orally. For example, the bioavailability of triptan is reduced by the digestive system, and the drug level in the blood reduces rapidly over time; there is also a possibility of gastrointestinal disorder. To improve side effects, a transdermal patch has been prepared in hydrogel form. The polymer matrix that makes up the hydrogel uses PVA; PEG is used as an additive to induce inter/intra hydrogen bonding of the PVA and almotriptan drug is added. In addition, to accelerate micro-phase separation between PVA chains, liquid nitrogen is used. In FT-IR analysis, the absorption bands of PVA, PEG, and almotriptan were found. The degree of crystallinity, the water uptake ability and tensile strength were increased with increasing PEG content. In drug release tests, the amount of drug released increased depending on the PEG content. In this study, hydrogels with 10 wt% PEG showed better performance in drug release. Approximately 60% of the total drug amount was released in 2 hr, and the drug continued to release for 1 day. Thus, the prepared hydrogel patch is suitable as a transdermal formulation for the second dose administration of triptans to patients who require recurrent migraine treatment within 24 hr after the first administration.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.527-547
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• 2020

Fish pathogens cause not only economic damages to fish farming but also infectious pathogens known as a zoonotic agent. Since the continued use of antibiotics to control fish pathogens entails side effects, materials of natural origin need to be developed. The purpose of this study is to discover coniferous essential oils with excellent antibacterial effects in order to develop antibiotic alternatives. We have extracted essential oils using hydro-distillation from the leaves of Abies holophylla, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, and Pinus rigitaeda, which are all Pinaceae family. And, we have evaluated antibacterial activity with the extracted essential oils against Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactococcus garvieae, which are fish pathogens. As a result, the essential oils from A. holophylla and P. thunbergii showed the selectively strong antibacterial activity against E. tarda and P. damselae, which are gram-negative bacteria. From GC-MS analysis, it was identified that main component of A. holophylla essential oils are (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), and camphene (11.73%), and that of P. thunbergii essential oils is α-pinene (59.81%). In addition, we found three compounds: neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, and (-)-carveol, which are oxygenated monoterpenes. These exist in a very small amount but exhibit the same efficacy as essential oil. Therefore, we expect that A. holophylla and P. thunbergii essential oils having excellent growth inhibitory effect against gram-negative fish pathogens can be used as biological products such as feed additives and fishery products.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1993

The bioequivalence of two omeprazole enteric-coated products was evaluated in 16 normal male volunteers (age 26-32 yr, body weight 57-75 kg) following single oral administration. Test product was enteric-coated KD-182 tablet (Chong Kun Dang Corp., Korea) and reference product was $Rosec^{\circledR}$ capsule containing enteric-coated pellets of omeprazole (Yuhan Corp., Korea). Both products contain 20 mg of omeprazole. One tablet or capsule of the test or the reference product was administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period cross-over study ($2\;{\times}\;2$ Latin square method). Average drug concetrations at each sampling time and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products(p>0.05); the area under the concentrationtime curve to last sampling time (8 hr) $(AUC_{0-8hr})$ $(1946.5{\pm}675.3\;vs\;2018.3{\pm}761.6\;ng{\cdot}hr/ml)$, AUC from time zero to infinite $(AUC_{o-\infty})$ $(2288.6{\pm}1212.8\;vs\;2264.9{\pm}1001.3\;ng{\cdot}hr/ml)$, maximum plasma concentration $(C_{max})$ $(772.5{\pm}283.3\;vs\;925.8{\pm}187.7\;ng/ml)$, time to maximum plasma concentration $(T_{max})$ $(2.38{\pm}1.06\;vs\;2.34{\pm}1.09\;hr)$, apparent elimination rate constant $(k_{\ell})$ $(0.5339{\pm}0.2687\;vs\;0.5769 {\pm}0.2184\;hr^{-I})$, apparent absorption rate constant $(k_a)$ $(1.1536{\pm}0.5278\;vs\;0.9739{\pm}0.9507 hr^{-1})$ and mean residence time (MRT) $(3.13{\pm}0.73\;vs \;3.41{\pm}1.04\;hr)$. The differences of mean $(AUC_{0-8hr})$, $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$ and MRT between the two products (3.69, 19.83, 1.32 and 8.99%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power $(1-{\beta})$ and treatment difference $(\triangle)$ for $AUC_{o-8hr}$ $C_{max}$ and MRT were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for $T_{max}$ was under 0.8, $T_{max}$ of the two products was not significantly different each other(p>0.05). These results suggest that the bioavailability of KD-182 tablet is not significantly different from that of $Rosec^{\circledR}$ capsule. Therefore, two products are bioequivalent based on the current results.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.390-400
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• 2019

In this study, strains isolated from soil samples collected from Busan, Changwon, and Jeju Island were examined to verify their abilities of phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation, production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylyic acid (ACC) deaminase in order to select strains that promote plant growth and play a role in biocontrol of pests or pathogens. According to the results of this study, most of the isolated strains were found to have ability of phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, IAA production, siderophore production, and production of ACC deaminase. These isolated strains might help plant growth by directly improving absorption of nutrients essential for phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. In addition, they can promote plant growth and control resistance to plant diseases through extracellular enzyme activity and antifungal activity. In addition, most of the selected strains were found to survive in various environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, and pH. Therefore, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida ANG14, Pseudarthrobacter equi ANG28, Beijerinckia fluminensis ANG34, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ANG35 were finally selected through a comparative advantage analysis to suggest their potential as novel biological agents. Further studies are necessary in order to prove their efficacy as novel biological agents through formulation and optimization of effective microorganisms, their preservation period, and crop cultivation tests.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

Volatiles exist ubiquitously in nature. Volatile compounds produced by plants and microorganisms confer inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom communications. Autoinducer signaling molecules from contact-based chemical communication, such as bacterial quorum sensing, are relayed through short distances. By contrast, biogenic volatiles derived from plant-microbe interactions generate long-distance (>20 cm) alarm signals for sensing harmful microorganisms. In this review, we discuss prior work on volatile compound-mediated diagnosis of plant diseases, and the use of volatile packaging and dispensing approaches for the biological control of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In this regard, recent developments on technologies to analyze and detect microbial volatile compounds are introduced. Furthermore, we survey the chemical encapsulation, slow-release, and bio-nano techniques for volatile formulation and delivery that are expected to overcome limitations in the application of biogenic volatiles to modern agriculture. Collectively, technological advances in volatile compound detection, packaging, and delivery provide great potential for the implementation of ecologically-sound plant disease management strategies. We hope that this review will help farmers and young scientists understand the nature of microbial volatile compounds, and shift paradigms on disease diagnosis and management to aromatic (volatile-based) agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2005

To control Phytophthora blight of red pepper biologically caused by Phytophthora capsici, we developed Trichoderma harzianum DYMC for commercial product. DYMC was storage at room temperature and was investigated their population every 3 months for 1 year. For investigating the dynamic population of T. harzianum in the pot soils, we applied powder and suspension applications with DYMC, and then investigated for 95 days. The efficacy of powder and suspension applications of DYMC for control of Phytophthora blight of red pepper and plant growth were investigated for 50 days in greenhouse experiment. The population of T. harzianum was decreased at the room temperature for 1 year but there was not statistically significance. After soil treated in the pot with DYMC, the population of Trichoderma spp. was the highest when DYMC powder at 5 g was applied to mix with pot soil, and the population was deceased significantly among treatment means as time goes by ($R^2=0.76$, F=10.5960, P=<.0001). Incidence of Phytophthora blight of, red pepper was significantly reduced among treatment means on 50th day after treated with DYMC ($R^2=0.82$, P=16.4758, P=<.0001). Disease control value was the highest at 62.5% when DYMC powder at 5 g was applied to mix with pot soil. No significant difference (P=0.05) of effects of plant and root growth showed by treated with DYMC on 60th day, except stem. Mixing the application of DYMC powder with soil to control Phytophthora blight of red pepper was greater than suspension application to dilute with water. DYMC could be used as an effective biocontrol agent to control Phythophthora blight of red pepper.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.659-666
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• 2010

Lysobacter antibioticus HS124 was isolated from rhizosphere soil in previous experiments, which produced lytic enzymes such as chitinase, gelatinase, lipase and protease. In addition, HS124 released an antibiotic compound, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA). When larvae of P. xylostella was treated with HS124 culture broth, its body was destroyed, and degraded with the increase of incubation time, yielding glycine which was detected from HS124 culture broth. When 4-HPAA produced from HS124 was sprayed, larvae mortality increased with increasing concentration of 4-HPAA. When HS124 culture supplemented with Tween 80 was sprayed, its insecticidal activity against larvae was approximately 1.4 times higher compared to the culture without Tween 80. Insecticide (IS), HS124 culture broth (HS124), Magic-pi (MP) and HS124 culture broth+Magic-pi (HS124+MP) were each treated against larvae of P. xylostella to investigate their insecticidal effect where sterile diluted water (SDW) was used as a control. The highest mortality of larvae was found in HS124+MP, followed by IS, MP, HS124 and SDW respectively. Mortality of larvae in HS124 was 31% higher than that in SDW, but 41% lower than that in HS124+MP, meaning that both enzymes and antibiotics produced from HS124 may synergistically act as active agents with plant extract containing neem oil and turmeric in HS124+MP treatment. These results suggested that L. antibioticus HS124 together with plant extract can be one of candidates for biocontrol agents against Plutella xylostella.