• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.721-728
• /
• 2002

Modern structrues are being built using high-strength and light-weight construction materials resulting in decreased structural mass and damping properties. Rhythmic activities such as jumping, dancing and clapping during lively concerts can produce excessive vibration of steel structures. In this study, dynamic load factors that occur during lively concerts were presented through vibration test and real-time monitoring of an existing concert hall. The vibration test included modal analysis and jumping test according to the forcing frequencies and the number of participants. Dynamic load foactors were acquired directly from peak acceleration responses of each harmonics. Comparing NBCC 1995, the 3rd harmonic must be included in the design of concert halls. Dynamic load factors must be increased as a result of the vibration test.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.338-347
• /
• 2010

Heunginjimun designated as a Treasure No.1 is a two-story wooden structure with 5 bay and 2 bay in its front and side views, respectively. This paper presents an investigation on vibration characteristics of Heunginjimun through both ambient vibration and impact hammer tests. Ambient vibration test was performed to identify the natural frequency of Heunginjimun from the spectrum analysis of time history. Impact hammer test was undertaken to find the frequency of Heunginjimun which is affected by the surrounding traffics and to verify the reciprocal principle for the wooden structural system. Ambient vibration test results of Heunginjimun showed that the natural frequencies in two principal axes 1.5 Hz and 1.1 Hz, respectively. It was confirmed from impact hammer tests for a ground that the frequency of 4.2 Hz is caused by the traffics surrounding Heunginjimun. It was also observed that from the impact hammer test results between two locations in Heunginjimun that the transfer functions measured from two corresponding locations coincided well with each other. This result shows that the wooden structural system is globally linear, and the reciprocal principle is established.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2009

In recent years, microtremor array observations have been used for estimation of shear-wave velocity structures. One of the methods is the conventional spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method, which requires simultaneous recording at least with three or four sensors. Modified SPAC methods such as 2sSPAC, and linear array methods, allow estimating shear-wave structures by using only two sensors, but suffer from instability of the spatial autocorrelation coefficient for frequency ranges higher than 1.0 Hz. Based on microtremor measurements from four different size triangular arrays and four same-size triangular and linear arrays, we have demonstrated the stability of SPAC coefficient for the frequency range from 2 to 4 or 5 Hz. The phase velocities, obtained by fitting the SPAC coefficients to the Bessel function, are also consistent up to the frequency 5 Hz. All data were processed by the SPAC method, with the exception of the spatial averaging for the linear array cases. The arrays were deployed sequentially at different times, near a site having existing Parallel Seismic (PS) borehole logging data. We also used the imaginary part of the SPAC coefficients as a data-quality indicator. Based on perturbations of the autocorrelation spectrum (and in some cases on visual examination of the record waveforms) we divided data into so-called 'reliable' and 'unreliable' categories. We then calculated the imaginary part of the SPAC spectrum for 'reliable', 'unreliable', and complete (i.e. 'reliable' and 'unreliable' datasets combined) datasets for each array, and compared the results. In the case of insufficient azimuthal distribution of the stations (the linear array) the imaginary curve shows some instability and can therefore be regarded as an indicator of insufficient spatial averaging. However, in the case of low coherency of the wavefield the imaginary curve does not show any significant instability.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 2003

This paper presents an electric power generating system for stand-alone health monitoring sensor unit of bridge structure based on ambient vibration of bridge. In this paper, a novel electric power generator which has minimum effect of armature reaction is proposed. The related mechanical and electrical design equations are obtained, and a pilot generator has been implemented. In addition, the charging system for extremely low generator current is discussed, and some improvements are identified for the system. This investigation reveals that diode characteristics of rectifier is dominant factor in the charging process. Finally, both the simulation, which uses real measurement data of the Namhae bridge as input of the pilot generator, and indoor test are carried out. The results showed the applicability and effectiveness of the stand-alone vibration powered generator.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 중앙경간 54m, 교폭 4m의 사장교형식의 보도교로 측경간은 계단으로 이루어진 1경간 케이블교량을 대상으로 보행하중에 의한 수직진동을 제어하기 위해 제진장치(TMD)를 적용하기로 하고 실물 TMD의 설계 및 제작 그리고 설치 및 제어성능실험을 수행하였다. 우선 사장교형식의 교량. 그리고 1경간 교량이라는 점에서 상대적으로 감쇠율이 낮을 것으로 예측되었고 또한 54m의 경간장이 보행자가 가진 주파수에 근접한 고유진동수를 나타낼 것으로 사료되어 Eurocode 2 part 2(EC5-2)의 규준에 따라 1인 및 다수 보행하중에 의한 보도교의 발생가속도를 산출하였다. 이 경우 최대가속도는 다수의 보행자가 연속적으로 진행할 때 발생하였으며, 수직방향의 가속도가 사용성기준을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 구조해석프로그램에 의한 고유치 해석결과, 보행하중의 주파수대역내에 진동모드가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 교량의 설계단계에 있어서 보행진동을 제어하기 위하여 유지관리가 용이한 수동형의 동조질량감쇠장치(Tuned Mass Damper)를 적용하기로 하였으며 TMD의 설계에서는 TMD의 제어목표를 만족시킬 수 있는 TMD의 가동질량(moving mass)을 우선적으로 결정하였고, 이로부터 Den Hartog의 제안식에 따라 TMD의 고유진동수비, 유효감쇠비를 산정하였다. 산정된 변수들을 이용하여 설계된 TMD는 현장설치 및 튜닝의 편의성을 고려하여 수평 외팔보형식으로 설계, 제작되었으며 제작된 TMD의 경우 회전축에 대해 질량, 스프링, 댐퍼의 중심거리를 조정함으로써 TMD의 진동수, 강성, 감쇠력을 상대적으로 매우 용이하게 조절할 수 있으며, 조정범위 또한 광범위하여 일반 TMD에 비해 현장설치시 대상구조물에 동조시키기가 용이하며, 작동시 마찰감쇠가 거의 없다는 장점이 있다. 현장설치전에 제작된 TMD를 대상으로 자유진동 시험을 통하여 질량의 중심거리, 스프링 크기 그리고 댐퍼의 설치유무를 각각 변화시키며 TMD의 자유진동 데이터를 취득하였다. 각각의 시험에서 얻어진 데이터로부터 스펙트럼해석을 통하여 고유진동수를 구하였고, 자유진동 파형으로 부터 감쇠비를 구하였다. TMD는 일반적으로 제어모드의 변형형상이 가장 큰 곳에 설치되었을 때 최대의 제진효과를 발휘할 수 있다. 그러나 현장여건상 설치가 불가능하거나 미관을 해치는 경우에는 가능한 범위 내에서 TMD 제어효율이 가장 크게 발휘할 수 있는 곳을 선택하여야 한다. 본 보도교의 경우, 중앙경간 중심부에서 가장 큰 모드변형형상을 나타내지만, 보도교의 상판 연결부 등에 따른 TMD 시공문제로 인하여 TMD 설치위치는 교량 중앙에서 양 방향으로 1.25m 떨어진 곳에 대칭으로 총 2기를 설치하기로 하였다. 일반적으로 TMD의 모든 설계변수는 구조물의 설계단계에서 수행된 구조해석결과에 근거하여 설정하므로 완공된 구조물, 즉 실제보도교의 동적특성을 계측하여 정확하게 진동수를 튜닝하여야 한다. 구조해석에 의한 보도교의 수직방향(TMD 작동방향) 고유진동수는 1.5225 Hz이며, 감쇠비는 규준에 의하여 0.6 %로 가정하였다. 그러나 이 값들은 구조해석모델 및 재료적 특성과 시공상의 오차에 의하여 실제와 다를 수 있으므로 현장계측에 의한 확인이 요구된다. 또한 TMD의 제진효율이 설계시의 목표대로 확보되었는지도 확인해야 하므로 현장튜닝 및 성능시험을 실시하였다. 보도교의 가진은 사전에 실시한 상시 미진동계측결과를 토대로 2Hz를 목표로 하여 인력가진실험을 수행하였고, 탁월진동 주파수는 1.9896Hz로 나타나 구조해석결과와 오차가 있음을 알 수 있다. 가진실험결과를 토대로 TMD의 진동수를 최적진동수비로 튜닝하고 인력가진 실험을 다시 실시하여 TMD의 진동제어성능을 검토하였다. TMD 튜닝 전, 후의 보도교 감쇠비를 비교한 결과, TMD를 설치함으로써 약 4.218%의 감쇠비 증가가 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 2001

This research is aimed at investigating the dynamic response of cut-and-cover tunnel to seismic waves. We carried out shaking table test which is used a 1/40-scale(the width of prototype tunnel is about 14.2m, the height is about 8.5m) model for this research, and we analyzed the effect of depth of tunnel and slope of the ground in relation to the dynamic responses of tunnel. As a result of the test, the stress and acceleration along the tunnel decreased accordingly to the depth of increment, and this phenomenon is caused by the increase of the confining effect of ground. Also, the dynamic responses of tunnel showed a tendency to rise according as ground declined gently. In comparison the result of shaking table test with that of structural analysis on ordinary condition, we conclude that seismic waves do not affect cut-and-cover tunnel when the depth of tunnel is over the diameter of tunnel.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2003.03a
• /
• pp.457-464
• /
• 2003

최근 교량의 건설에 있어서 내진설계가 주요문제로 부각되면서, 구조물의 진동응답을 제어 하는 갖가지 형태의 진동제어 기법이 적용되고 있다. LRB(Lead Rebbe. Bearing), LUD(Lock Up Device)등 다양한 지진격리장치가 설계에 적용되고 있으며 특히, 설계변경 .내진보수보강과 같이 제약 조건이 있는 상황에서 유용한 면진방법으로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 지진격리장치는 기본적인 설계특성인 수평강성, 감쇠성능에 대한 검증을 필요로 한다. 특히, 지진과 같은 동적하중에 대하여 하중속도, 수직력, 변형률 등에 대한 의존성과 내구성의 검토가 필요하며 유사장치에 대하여 검증실험기준의 정립이 진행 중에 있다. 강재이력댐퍼인 E-Shape 댐퍼는 지진격리장치로서 교각의 고정단에 교좌장치로 설치되어 상시에는 탄성영역 내에서 거동하는 고정단의 역할을 하다가, 지진발생시에는 E-Shape형태의 강재댐퍼가 소성변형을 통한 이력거동으로 에너지 소산기능을 가진 교좌장치이다. 최근 LRB에 대하여는 다양한 특성실험이 수행되고 있으나 상대적으로 강재이력댐퍼에 대하여는 이러한 검증실험이 수반되지 않고 사용되고 있다. 본 실험연구에서는 E-Shape 강재이력댐퍼에 대하여 연직하중, 수평변형률, 수평속도에 패한 동적특성을 평가함으로서 강재이력댐퍼를 이용한 지진격리설계의 타당성과 면진성능을 평가해 보았다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.112-121
• /
• 2020

In suspension bridges, hanger cables are the main load-supporting members. The tension of the hanger cables of a suspension bridge is a very important parameter for assessing the integrity and safety of the bridge. In general, indirect methods are used to measure the tension of the hanger cables of a suspension bridge in traffic use. A representative indirect method is the vibration method, which extracts modal frequencies from the cables' responses and then measures the cable tension using the cables' geometric conditions and the modal frequencies. In this study, the image processing technique is applied to facilitate the estimation of the dynamic responses of the cables using the image signal, for which a portable digital camcorder was used due to its convenience and cost-efficiency. Ambient vibration tests were conducted on a suspension bridge in traffic use to verify the validity of the back analysis method, which can estimate the tension of remote hanger cables using the modal frequencies as a parameter. In addition, the tension estimated through back analysis method, which was conducted to minimize the difference between the modal frequencies calculated using finite element analysis of the hanger cables and the measured modal frequencies, was compared with that measured using the vibration method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.769-782
• /
• 2006

As the ambient vibration test (AVT) of railway bridges has a limited range of speed, it has a limitation in examining the dynamic behavior of bridges accordingto speed. Thus, in order to analyze the correlation between the speed of a train passing over a bridge and the bridge's dynamic response, we conducted a speed-increasing experiment using a real diesel locomotive. To analyze the acceleration response characteristics, we attached seven vertical accelerometers at equal intervals throughout the entire section of the bridge except the supports, and one horizontal accelerometer to the middle span. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) were installed at the bridge's center in both vertical and horizontal directions to investigate the vertical and horizontal behaviors. The test train was statically loaded at the center and at the end of the bridge. And its speed was increased from 5 km/h to 90 km/h. With data obtained from the experiment, the vibration level was evaluated in each direction by the filtering frequency, and the level of horizontal vibration was examined in comparison with vertical vibration. The displacement and wheel load variation was analyzed by speed.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2009

Dynamic characteristics such as frequency and damping ratio in the ambient state of building has been progressed in domestic and foreign. However, there has not been any deep research of dynamic characteristics of full-scale structure using vibration measurement of the building damaged up to failure. Dynamic characteristics of three-story reinforced concrete building was evaluated before and after it was damaged by using a actuator. Dynamic characteristics is reviewed and compared with previous study. Ambient vibration and human excitation test were applied. After 120mm horizontal displacement by actuator, frequency of long and short direction is reduced to 34.3%, 33.7% and damping ratio is reduced to 36.5%, 19.5% respectively.