• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.187-214
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• 2012

Korea's national income statistics have been compiled by the Bank of Korea since 1953. However, there is a break in the time series. The current time series (1970 onward) is based on the '1993 SNA (System of National Accounts)' suggested by the UN, and the previous time series (1953~1970) was based on the '1953 SNA'. The difference between the previous and current time series is 4.8% in 1970 when the two series overlap. The difference is even greater in terms of comparisons across industries. In addition, it has now become even more difficult to connect the current and the previous time series because, in 2009, the Bank of Korea introduced a chain weighted method for calculating the current time series (1970 onward). Under the chain weighted method, the time series underwent substantial modification; for instance, the economic growth rate during 1970~2005 is 0.9%p higher than the rate under the general method. This paper applies chain weighted values and the '1993 SNA' to the previous time series (1953~1970) by utilizing various national account manuals published by the UN and previous Korean input-output tables in order to calculate a long term time series from 1953 to 2010 based on the same criteria as the current time series (1970 onward). In the revised time series, it appears that 1953 GDP at current basic prices is 3.5% higher and the growth rate for the period of 1953~1970 is 1.5%p higher each year than under the previous time series. Under the revised time series the size of the Korean economy as of 2010 is 50-fold bigger than that of 1953. In terms of industries, manufacturing and SOC show significant expansion whereas the extent of that of the service industry is relatively small.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

The conventional natural gas engine realized lean combustion for the improved efficiency. However, in order to cope with exhaust gas regulations enforced gradually, the interest has shifted at the stoichiometric mixture combustion system. The stoichiometric mixture combustion method has the advantage of a three-way catalyst utilization whose purification efficiency is high, but the problem of thermal durability and the fuel economy remains as a challenge. Hydrogen-natural gas blend fuel (HCNG) can increase the rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) because the hydrogen increases burning speed and lean flammability limit. The increase in the EGR rate can have a positive impact on heat resistance of the engine due to the decreased combustion temperature, and further can increase the compression ratio for efficient combustion. In this study, to minimize the exhaust emission developed HCNG engine with stoichiometric combustion method, developed three-way catalyst was applied to evaluate the conversion characteristics. The tests were carried out during the steady state and transient operating conditions, and the results were compared for both the conventional and proto-three-way catalyst of HCNG engine for city buses.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

There have been many emotion researches to investigate physiological responses on specific emotions with physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood volume flow, and skin conductance. Very few researches, however, exists by detecting them with facial skin temperature. The purpose of present study was to observe the differences of facial skin temperature by using thermal camera, when participants stimulated by monitor scenes which could evoke fear or joy. There were totally 98 of participants; undergraduate students who were in their adult age and middle, high school students who were in their adolescence. We measured their facial temperature, before and after presenting emotional stimulus to see changes between both times. Temperature values were extracted in these regions; forehead, inner corners of the eyes, bridge of the nose, end of the nose, and cheeks. Temperature values in bridge and end of the nose were significantly decreased in fear emotion stimulated. There was also significant temperature increase in the area of forehead and the inner corners of the eyes, while the temperature value in end of the nose decreased. It showed decrease in both stimulated fear and joy. These results might be described as follows: When arousal level going up, sympathetic nervous activity increases, and in turn it makes blood flow in peripheral vessels under the nose decrease. Facial temperature changes by fear or joy in this study were the same as the previous studies which measured temperature of finger tip, when participants experiencing emotions. Our results may help to develop emotion-measuring techniques and establish computer system bases which are to detect human emotions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2009

The stone Buddha and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korean Treasure No. 797) at Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty is unique style which faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddha and Shrine is highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. To inquire into relative deterioration and environmental factor, air temperature and relative humidity of the stone Buddha and Shrine were monitored for a year of the indoor and outdoor, respectively. As a result, the temperature shows increase and decrease according to the seasons in the tendency to clear. While the relative humidity is high to keep all four seasons. Highly relative humidity environment induces dew condensation on the interior of stone Buddha and Shrine. The dew condensation is recorded at the spring, summer and winter season. The summer season is double the total of spring and winter season. In the case of summer, dew condensation is long time continued due to high temperature and relative humidity that is kept by more than nearly 100%. There is progress towards chemical weathering throughout dissolve rock properties and alteration on the rock surface. In the case of winter, dew condensation is not kept for a long time as summer. In the winter, which showing a below zero may add physical weathering throughout moisture that happen by dew condensation to repeat freezing and thawing. Therefore, the reduction plan of the relative humidity effect on dew condensation should be prepared.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2000

The quality of oak mushoom(Lentinus edodes(Berk) Sing) is sensitively affected by environmental factors, especially moisture by the rain during the growing period. To protect mushrooms from being wet, plastic-covered facilities with side openings are mostly being used. However, the indoor temperature and humidity f the facility without roof opening become higher due to its poor ventilation, and consequently reduce the productivity and quality as well. In this study, we analyzed the ventilation rates and indoor temperatures of improved facilities as affected by the area of roof opening and shading rate by the model. The indoor temperature decreased by more than 2.5$^{\circ}C$ as the shading rate increased from 50% to 90%, and especially the effect of wind speed on indoor temperature was significantly great under as low as 50% of shading rate. The ventilation rate became higher under wind speed of 1~2m.s-1 regardless of the shading rate. As the wind speed increased from 0m.s-1 to 2m.s-1, the indoor temperature decreased by more than 2.$0^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the indoor temperature became lower with increasing roof opening ratio, but showed no significant differences at more than 50% of roof opening ratio. At lower shading rate, the indoor temperature sensitively decreased with increasing area of roof opening. Additionally, we obtained the higher ventilation performance with the area of roof opening more or less equal to side opening, regardless of the wind speed and shading rate.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

Larix kaempferi and Betula costata seedlings were grown under an elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) for four weeks to understand initial changes on physiological characteristics caused by temperature rising in connection with global warming. At the end of the treatment, growth performance, leaf pigment content, antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured and analyzed. Relative growth rates of the height of two tree species grown under elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) were lower than those of control ($24^{\circ}C$) and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were also reduced at higher temperature. Particularly, the root growth reduction of two tree species increased markedly at $27^{\circ}C$ over the study period, which increased the ratio of shoot to root. Under higher temperature, leaf pigment contents decreased, whereas anti-oxidative enzyme activities such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) increased as compared with the control. But MDA content was not affected by elevated temperature. In conclusion, the elevated temperature leads to root growth reduction, restriction of nutrient uptake from soil and the reduction of leaf pigment contents, which can inhibit the aboveground growth. In addition, higher temperature might act as a stress factor that causes growth reduction through the increase of energy consumption during a growth period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 1996

This is an explicit-Implicit, finite element analysis for linear as well as nonlinear hygrothermal stress problems. Additional features, such as moisture diffusion equation, crack element and virtual crack extension(VCE ) method for evaluating J-integral are implemented in this program. The Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics(LEFM) Theory is employed to estimate the crack driving force under the transient condition for and existing crack. Pores in materials are assumed to be saturated with moisture in the liquid form at the room temperature, which may vaporize as the temperature increases. The vaporization effects on the crack driving force are also studied. The Ideal gas equation is employed to estimate the thermodynamic pressure due to vaporization at each time step after solving basic nodal values. A set of field equations governing the time dependent response of porous media are derived from balance laws based on the mixture theory Darcy's law Is assumed for the fluid flow through the porous media. Perzyna's viscoplastic model incorporating the Von-Mises yield criterion are implemented. The Green-Naghdi stress rate is used for the invariant of stress tensor under superposed rigid body motion. Isotropic elements are used for the spatial discretization and an iterative scheme based on the full newton-Raphson method is used for solving the nonlinear governing equations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.205-209
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• 2009

Recently, the increase of the size of GNP and the expansion of the foreign tour opportunities by the common 5 days work system in a week, reaction of the burden for visiting foreign countries, and expansion of airlines caused the rapid increase of overseas tour but slow increase in the number of foreign tourists, due to the price rise which might impact on the competitive power, and lack of tour infrastructure and attractiveness. As the wide area along the east coast of GyeongBuk Province has great amount of cultural, ocean and natural resources, it helps to get focused the tour industries and maximize the synergy effect through the mutual development coupling the resources and regions. On the basis of the potentials for the growth of east coast area to the international level and the development of local resources, a ocean tour and resort complex for four seasons, which has s strong connection to the local areas resulting the wide tour bond, could help to improve the local economy and balance the development of local province, and furthermore, jump to the level of the center in the East Coast area in the international society. Through the investigation and analysis of the ocean space development status and usage at the advanced foreign countries, the new meaning of the ocean space at the tour and resort complex would be proposed to the relevant local government in fit.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.35-47
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• 2004

Using data envelopment analysis, this paper annually estimates Malmquist total factor productivity indices and decomposes them into productive efficiency change, technical change, and scale change components for three publicly-owned rail transit properties: the Seoul Subway Corporation(SSC), the Seoul Metropolitan Electrified Railways Sector of Korea National Railroad (SMESRS) and the Busan Urban Transit Authority (BUTA). The paper then conceptualizes that the property produces a single output(car-kilometers) using four inputs(labor, electricity, car and maintenance, and track) and uses unbalanced panel data consisted of annual observations on SSC, SMESRS and BUTA. The results show that the average annual growth rate of productivity of the three properties is 6.6 percent, which is 0.5 percent less than the average annual increasing rate of their labor price. They also show that the greatest part of the growth in productivity is explained by technical change and to a lesser degree by scale change and changes in productive efficiency though each of the three components contributes more than 20 percent to the growth in productivity, These results suggest that the three properties should base the increasing rate of their wages on the growth rate of their productivity and utilize existing technologies more efficiently prior to introducing new ones to raise their productivity, and that all the three components should be considered to evaluate their productivity more correctly.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2013

Global warming and climate change have influence on abnormal weather pattern and the rainstorm has a localized and intensive tendency in Korea. IPCC(2007) also reported the rainstorm and typhoon will be more and more stronger due to temperature increase during the 21st century. Flood Estimation Handbook(Institute of Hydrology, 1999) published in United Kingdom, in the case that the data period is shorter than return period, recommends the regional frequency analysis rather than point frequency analysis. This study uses Regional Climate Model(RCM) of Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) for obtaining the rainfall and for performing the regional frequency analysis. We used the rainfall data from 58 stations managed by KMA and used L-moment algorithm suggested by Hosking and wallis(1993) for the regional frequency analysis considering the climate change. As the results, in most stations, the rainfall amounts in frequencies have an increasing tendency except for some stations. According to the A1B scenario, design rainfall is increased by 7~10% compared with the reference period(1970-2010).