• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the landscape plant species of 10 elementary schools in the Chungju city, and to obtain the fundamental informations for proper use of planting system in the elementary school landscape. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 199 species were planted in the 10 elementary schools, It was constituted 89 of woody plants, 108 of herbaceous plants and 2 of others. The average number of plants per school was about 60 species. The rate of plants species of Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous was 23 : 60 and the rate the trees to the shrubs was 59 : 24. 2. Almost the same species were planted in school landscaping zone. Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata were mainly planted in the species of trees. To improve the present conditions of school landscape should be considered for the purpose of function and the aspect of ecology. 3. To see the selected school trees and flowers, Zelcova serrata was selected to the school tree in the 4 of schools. Ginkgo biloba was selected 3 of schools, the others were Juniperus chinensis Pinus densiflora, etc. Rhododendron lateritium was appointed to the school flower in the 6 of schools, the others were Rosa spp., Forsythia koreana etc. To set the school tree and flower consider the preserved trees of the community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.385-392
• /
• 2014

Quercus gilva Blume is an evergreen-leaved tree that belongs to Facaceae and grows in tropical and warm-temperate regions, such as Japan, Taiwan, China and Korea. This study was carried out to analyze the distribution and growth characteristics of Q. gilva in the native range. In Korea, this species was distributed in Jeju Island between 80 and 350 meter above sea level, and mainly in the south-western regions of the island from 100 to 200 meter above sea level. The average height of Q. gilva was $9.8{\pm}1.9$ meter, with most trees 9 and 12 meter tall. The average diameter at breast height was $22.6{\pm}6.8$ centimeter, with the majority between 20 and 30 centimeter. Several coppice shoots ($3.8{\pm}2.1$ pieces) were formed from stumps and inferred by frequent cuttings for use. Almost Q. gilva individuals(96.2%) were covered with kinds of vines(18 species), and evergreen Trachelospermim asiaticum (Siebold et Zucc.) Nakai was major species. The analysis of damage of vines revealed that the most dead branches were found with 9 to 12 meter height of Q. gilva, and the more vines attached, the larger damage to Q. gilva individuals. A continuous monitoring and investigation would be required to preserve this species in their habitats.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.267-273
• /
• 2010

The distribution of three typical warm-temperate evergreen trees, Quercus acuta Thunb., Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz., and Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc., were surveyed on the Korean Peninsula based on field and specimen investigations and the distribution maps of the three species were prepared. The distribution patterns of the species correspond to the south coast floristic region in Korea, which includes the distributional areas of Jeju-do, Isl. Ulleung, the southern coastal areas, and the areas up to the islands around Incheon in the Yellow Sea. The northernmost limit of the distribution of Quercus acuta is Isl. Nap of Incheon in the west, and a new distribution was found at Isl. Ulleung in the East Sea; additionally, the limit of Neolitsea sericea is the Deojoek archipelago of Incheon. The northernmost limit of Machilus thunbergii is Isl. Daecheong of Incheon, which is the highest latitude among those of the three species. This distribution survey of evergreen broad-leaved trees in Korea can be used as basic data for the delimitation of floristic regions and as a bio-indicator of climatic change.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2002.11b
• /
• pp.76-76
• /
• 2002

무주나무(Lasianthus japonicus Miquel)는 일본, 대만, 중국 등에 분포하고 열대 및 아열대의 상록활엽수림에서만 자라는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 우리나라에는 제주도 남쪽계곡에만 분포하는 희귀식물이다. 무주나무는 현재 환경부 지정 보호야생식물로 보호되고 있으나 개체특성 및 자생지에 대한 정확한 조사가 이루어진 바 없다. 본 연구는 무주나무의 자생지 현황과 생육특성을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 무주나무의 자생지는 제주도 남제주군 남원읍 하례리 해발 250m의 계곡 동사면과 서귀포시 돈네코 계곡의 해발 350 m 계곡의 서사면 등 2개소로 확인되었다. 자생지별 개체수는 남원읍 하례리 4개체, 서귀포시 돈네코계곡 5개체 등 총 9개체에 불과하였다. 자생지는 계곡의 상록수림 하부에 바위 위 부엽토나, 습한 계곡 사면이었으며, 교목층에는 구실잣밤나무, 비쭈기나무, 황칠나무, 동백나무 등이 우점하고, 관목층에는 사스레피나무, 백량금, 산호수 등이 우점하는 상록활엽수림이었다. 분포 개체의 수고는 최소 0.4 m, 최대 1.55 m로 평균 1.5 m 였다. 생장특성을 조사한 결과 줄기는 어릴 때는 사각형이지만 점차 원형으로 되며, 일정한 마디가 있고 털이 없으며, 잎은 대생하고, 혁질이며, 중륵과 측맥이 뚜렷한 특성을 갖고 있었다. 열매는 장과형으로 성숙 시에는 남색이며 털이 없으며, 직경 약 6-7 mm, 4-5개의 종자가 들어 있었다. 종자는 반달형이며, 3개의 홈이 지는 특성을 갖고 있었다. 현재의 자생지는 자연적인 요인으로서 토양유실이 심하게 일어나고 있는 지역이었으며, 교목 또는 다른 관목에 의한 피압으로 무주나무의 생장에 부적절한 환경으로 판단되었다. 따라서 자생지의 적절한 식생관리와 지속적인 자생지 조사 및 자생지외 보존에 관한 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 생각된다.$I_{NO}$ 가 죽절초를 제외한 3종에서 여름철 낮시간에 증가하였다. 겨울철의 O-J-I-P곡선은 모든 종에서 낮시간에 다소 낮아지지만 큰 변화는 없었다. 그리고, 문주란, 박달목서, 파초일엽에서 $\psi$o/(1-$\psi$o)가 낮시간에 다소 증가하였다. 이로부터 P $I_{NO}$ , SF $I_{NO}$ , $\psi$o/(1-$\psi$o)등의 변수는 식물의 활력도를 검정하는 지표로 활용될 가능성이 높다고 할 수 있다.irc}C$) 까지 동시에 냉각된 사실을 지시한다. 각섬석 편암내의 각섬석들은 복잡한 40Ar/39Ar 연대를 보여주며 일부가 평형연대를 보여주지만 특별한 의미 부여가 힘들다.해예방행동을 촉구하는 등의 효과도 높은 것으로 예방의학적인 유용성이 크다고 볼 수 있다. 미침을 알 수 있었다. 대두 단백질로 코팅된 golden delicious는 상온에서60일 동안 보관하였을 경우, 사과표피의 색도 변화를 현저히 지연시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 control과 비교하여 성공적으로 사과에 코팅하였으며, 상온에서 보관하여을 때 사과의 품질을 30일 이상 연장하는 효과를 관찰하였다. 이들 결과로부터 대두단백질 필름이 과일 등의 포장제로서 이용할 가능성을 확인하였다.로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.66-77
• /
• 2019

This study investigated the feasibility of wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the Incheon coastal area through a climate analysis. The coldest monthly mean air temperature ranged from $-2.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-1.6^{\circ}C$. The warmth index of the coastal area of Incheon ranged from $98.89^{\circ}C{\cdot}month-109.03^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, while the minimum air temperature year ranged from $-13.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-3.6^{\circ}C$. This proved that the Incheon coastal area was not suitable for evergreen broad-leaf trees to grow as the warmth index ranges from $101.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}117.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, and the temperature year-round is $-9.2^{\circ}C$ or higher. This suggests the coastal areas of Incheon is not suitable for the growth of evergreen broad-leaf trees, however some evergreen broad-leaf trees lived in some parts of the area. Wind speed reduction and temperature effect simulations were done using Landschaftsanalyse mit GIS program. As a result of the simulations of wind speed reduction and temperature effects affecting the evergreen broad-leaf trees, it was discovered that a coastal wind velocity of 8.6m/sec was alleviated to be 5m/sec~7m/sec when the wind reached the areas where evergreen broad-leaf trees were present. It was also discovered that species that grew in contact with buildings benefited from a temperature increase of $1.1^{\circ}C{\sim}3.4^{\circ}C$ due to the radiant heat released by the building. Simulation results show that the weather factors affecting the winter growth damages of evergreen broad-leaved trees were wind speed reduction and local warming due to buildings. The wind speed reduction by shielding and local warming effects by buildings have enabled the wintering of evergreen broad-leaved trees. Also, evergreen broad-leaved trees growing in the coastal area of Incheon could be judged to be gradually adapting to low temperatures in winter. This study reached the conclusion that the blockage of wind, and the proximity of buildings, are required for successfully wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the coastal area of Incheon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 2009

This study was executed to introduce a greenhouse style "Evergreen Park" to apartment complexes to target hands-on resident participation and application rather than a mere viewing of the plants as a way to provide convenient and profitable service to residents in a year-round center of usable outside space. The four key points can be summarized as follows: first, subtropical plants are evergreen broad-leaved trees, which maintain their green during all four seasons the leaves are thick and glossy. Greenhouses geared toward these subtropical trees-mainly broad-leaved evergreen species-are in planning to introduce these unique, elegant plants to temperate regions. Residentswill not only gain an education regarding these species but will be provided with the best quality evergreens at very reasonable maintenance costs. Second, subtropical plants greenhouses introduced in apartment complexes are suggested for structures connected via underground passage as well as free-standing structures so as to make use of geothermal heating and apply to reducing sunlighting. Third, as a way to provide (1) health & relaxation(evergreens, herb garden, water space), (2) community & education (plant flea market/plant hospital, plant-related lecture(exhibition), hands-on experience program), (3) a vine garden for year-round use such festivities as a Butterfly Festival, Aroma festival, Smile Oak Nuts, Candlelight Festival and Christmas Photo Site. Lastly, it has been suggested that the operation and maintenance of these greenhouses will be both by resident council operation management and by outsourcing company operation management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to survey vegetation characteristics of Jeopdo (island) for the construction of a database. We installed and analyzed 52 plots with 100㎡ quadrat to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The community classification based on TWINSPAN found seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, and Actinodaphne lancifolia-Camellia japonica community. The vegetation in Jeopdo is largely composed of evergreen conifer trees community (communities I and II), Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community (communities III, IV, and V), and evergreen broad-leaved trees community (communities VI and VII). The evergreen conifer tree (Quercus serrata) community is currently competing with Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. The current state is expected to continue due to the lack of forces, such as Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia, in the succession middle stage and climax stage. The current state of Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community is expected to last for a long time due to slow vegetation development because of soil conditions. The evergreen broad-leaved trees community is transforming from the initial stage of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii through the stage in Quercus serrata to Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia. The overall ages of the specimens were similar, and the oldest tree was the 59-year old Castanopsis sieboldii. The correlation analysis of major species showed a high positive correlation between Pinus thunbergii and Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora and Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Actinodaphne lancifolia and Camellia japonica and a high negative correlation between Pinus densiflora and Carpinus turczaninowii and Carpinus turczaninowii and Eurya japonica.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.336-346
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetation structure of 34 plots for inspection(plot unit: $100m^2$)of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.), Jeju-do, Korea. In accordance with the results of TWINSPAN and mean importance percentage analysis, the target forest was aged $28{\sim}52$, and classified into seven community types in total: Ilex rotunda community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, Castanopsis sieboldii-Quercus glauca community, Quercus glauca-Castanopsis sieboldii community, Quercus glauca community, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica community, and Quercus glauca-Styrax japonica community. According to the results of importance percentage analysis and DBH class distribution of major woody species, the vegetational aspects showed that the dominant species were Castanopsis sieboldii and Quercus glauca in the canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Ilex rotunda and Quercus glauca-Styrax japonica community were damaged vegetation in the canopy layer. According to the index of Shannon's diversity in the six communities including the dominant species - Quercus glauca and Castanopsis sieboldii, their species diversity degree was $0.8745{\sim}1.3018$ and that of Ilex rotunda community was the lowest 0.7619. Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Ilex rotunda, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia crenata appeared in all the seven communities. In addition, Litsea coreana and Cinnamomum japonicum as well as Neolitsea serica presumed as climax species in the warm temperate climate also appeared and the constancy ratio of Cinnamomum japonicum was more than 80%. As a result, the target forest in Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) was mainly compose of Castanopsis sieboldii and Quercus glauca in the canopy layer as a mixed vegetational pattern, and Cameliia japonica was dominant in the subordinate layer. Continuous monitoring was required, since Camellia japonica was strong in the subordinate layer in contrast to the weakness of Litsea coreana and Neolitsea serica reported as the species of climax stage in the forest with Evergreen Broad-leaved Vegetation at a viewpoint of successional direction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 2013

This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.248-256
• /
• 2004

Dendropanax morbifera Lev.(Araliaceae), Korean endemic and evergreen small tree is a component of evergreen forest and mainly distributed in sourthern region and islands in Korea. The ecological characteristics of 4 natural stands of D. morbifera.(Sundol, Suak, Hannam, and Sangho populations in Cheju island) were studied. In most of the D. morbifera natural stands, the following tree species appeared predominantly: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Carpinus laxiflora, D. morbifera, Quercus glauca, Quercus myrsinaefolia, Camellia japonica, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. Two tree species, such as C. cuspidata var. sieboldii and C. laxiflora appeared in the all investigated stands. D. morbifera occupied 17.2% of the upper story, 12.9% of the middle story, and 10.3% of the lower story, respectively. The distribution patterns by Morisita' s Index showed that D. morbifera was distributed randomly in the three stories. The frequency distribution of DBH D. morbifera species showed reverse J-shaped, therefore it seems to remain as a dominant species.