A Study on Wintering Microclimate Factors of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Trees, in the Coastal Area of Incheon, Korea

This study investigated the feasibility of wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the Incheon coastal area through a climate analysis. The coldest monthly mean air temperature ranged from $-2.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-1.6^{\circ}C$. The warmth index of the coastal area of Incheon ranged from $98.89^{\circ}C{\cdot}month-109.03^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, while the minimum air temperature year ranged from $-13.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-3.6^{\circ}C$. This proved that the Incheon coastal area was not suitable for evergreen broad-leaf trees to grow as the warmth index ranges from $101.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}117.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, and the temperature year-round is $-9.2^{\circ}C$ or higher. This suggests the coastal areas of Incheon is not suitable for the growth of evergreen broad-leaf trees, however some evergreen broad-leaf trees lived in some parts of the area. Wind speed reduction and temperature effect simulations were done using Landschaftsanalyse mit GIS program. As a result of the simulations of wind speed reduction and temperature effects affecting the evergreen broad-leaf trees, it was discovered that a coastal wind velocity of 8.6m/sec was alleviated to be 5m/sec~7m/sec when the wind reached the areas where evergreen broad-leaf trees were present. It was also discovered that species that grew in contact with buildings benefited from a temperature increase of $1.1^{\circ}C{\sim}3.4^{\circ}C$ due to the radiant heat released by the building. Simulation results show that the weather factors affecting the winter growth damages of evergreen broad-leaved trees were wind speed reduction and local warming due to buildings. The wind speed reduction by shielding and local warming effects by buildings have enabled the wintering of evergreen broad-leaved trees. Also, evergreen broad-leaved trees growing in the coastal area of Incheon could be judged to be gradually adapting to low temperatures in winter. This study reached the conclusion that the blockage of wind, and the proximity of buildings, are required for successfully wintering evergreen broad-leaf trees in the coastal area of Incheon.

인천해안지역의 난온대성 상록활엽수 겨울철 생장에 영향을 미치는 미기후 요인

본 연구는 인천해안지역의 난온대성 상록활엽수 겨울철 생장에 영향을 미치는 미기후 요인을 시뮬레이션 기법을 통해 도출하였다. 인천 해안지역 서구 오류동~남동구 고잔동의 온량지수는 $98.9^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}109.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$이었고, 1월 평균기온 $-2.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-1.6^{\circ}C$, 최한월 최저기온 $-13.9^{\circ}C{\sim}-3.6^{\circ}C$ 수준으로, 상록활엽수 분포기준인 온량지수 $101.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}117.0^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, 최한월 최저기온 $-9.2^{\circ}C$이하로 상록활엽수가 생장하기 부적합한 지역으로 나타났다. 상록활엽수가 생장하는 공간에 도달하는 풍속의 저감정도와 가온효과에 대한 시뮬레이션을 실시한 결과, 상록활엽수 생장공간에서는 겨울 북서풍이 건축물 등에 의해 해안풍속이 8.6m/sec에서 도달풍속은 5~7m/sec로 완화되었고, 건축물 1m 이내에서는 건축물 복사에너지의 영향으로 $1.1^{\circ}C{\sim}3.4^{\circ}C$ 가량의 가온효과가 나타났다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 상록활엽수의 겨울철 생장피해에 영향을 미치는 기후요소는 풍속으로, 차폐에 의한 풍속저감과 함께 건축물에 의한 국부적 가온효과가 상록활엽수의 겨울생장이 가능한 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 인천 해안지역에 생장하고 있는 상록활엽수는 중부지방의 겨울철 저온에 점진적으로 식물이 적응하는 순화의 과정으로 판단할 수 있었고, 기온이 $-18.0^{\circ}C$ 이하의 겨울한파에 견디는 내동능력과 바람에 의한 증발산을 견딜 수 있는 동건해(凍乾害)에 내성이 상록활엽수 겨울 생장을 좌우하는 것으로 나타났다.