• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 2008

The growth performance of Eastern white pine (Pinus storbus L.) was studied with six provenances in four plantations. All growth performances were significantly different among provenances and plantations. The most outstanding source in volume growth at age 39 is North Carolina in all plantations and this trends had been started from four years old seedlings. In plantations, the growth is best in ChunCheon plantation while that is worst in GunPo plantation. The Effect of plantations was thought to be larger than that of provenances growth of P. strobus. A pattern of growth by ages was different by among plantations and even ate age about 40, the growth was still vigorous. Annual precipitation, foggy days, altitude and sand contents in soil are positively correlated with growth and the correlations between by ages were very high.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2022

Quercus mongolica is an important deciduous tree species in the Republic of Korea; it covers most of the total natural deciduous forest area in the country. In this study, the site characteristics and stand structure of Q. mongolica forests were investigated at sites where Q. mongolica occupied >50% of the total basal area during the 7th National Forest Inventory period (2016-2020). The total number of circular sample plots (400 m²) of Q. mongolica forests was 1,421. These forests were mainly dominant at >800 m above sea level (a.s.l). However, they were also distributed on north-facing slopes at <600 m a.s.l. and gradually on southern slopes with ascending altitudes. Quercus mongolica forests were distributed in silt loam, loam, or sandy loam soils with relatively high fertility. Dominant species distributed with Q. mongolica included Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus serrata. Pinus densiflora and Q. variabilis grew in large DBH classes, Q. serrata grew in middle DBH classes, and A. pseudosieboldianum and F. rhynchophylla grew in small DBH classes. The dominant species distributed at the lower layer of Q. mongolica forests were Sasa borealis, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Q. mongolica, and Fraxinus sieboldiana.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.3
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• pp.290-302
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the initial tree growth characteristics of Q. variabilis planted in forest fire-damaged areas treated with soil moisturizers such as biochar and to identify the factors that affect tree growth. To evaluate the effectiveness of soil moisture treatment in the area planted with QV, an experimental plot was created according to the treatment method (spread and mix) and treatment ratio (0, 4, and 40 t/ha). The survival rate of QV was 20% higher in the treatment plot than in the control plot. The height and root collar diameter (RCD)growths of QV were high on the northern slope with spread treatment and on the southern slope with mix treatment. The relative growth rate (RGR) according to the soil moisturizer treatment method was higher in the mix treatment, showing a significant difference in RCD. The northern slope had a higher RGR and significant growth rate. This suggests that the growth improvement effect may depend on the soil moisturizer treatment method. The aspect or treatment method affectsthe drying conditions of the soil, which in turn affects its moisture content or nutrient dynamics. The present research results can be used to establish soil moisturizer treatment standards that are suitable for growth purposes. In addition, this study demonstrates that biochar treatment can be considered as an effective alternative to boost biomass and facilitate early restoration of forest fire-damaged areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to compare acid-neutralizing and buffering capacity of four tree species against soil acidification by acid rain. About 30-year-old forests composed of Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus mongolica, and Liriodendron tulipifera in a provincial experimental forest located 15km east from Banwol Industrial Complex in Kyonggido were used in this study. Incident precipitation, throughfall and stemflow, and soil samples were collected from May to September, 1996 to analyze their pH and canon concentrations. Internal leaf pH, external acid neutralizing capacity(ENC), and buffering capacity index(BCI) of leaves were also determined. The incident precipitation showed an average pH of 4.56, with the percentage of acid rain incidents being 74%. The average soil pH of the study area was 4.15. The pH of throughfall and stemflow in all four species was higher than that of precipitation except that of the stemflow of Pinus rigida which showed a pH of 3.73. The throughfall of Liriodendron tulipifera showed the highest pH of 5.38. The pH of throughfall and stemflow showed a positive correlation and no correlation, respectively, with precipitations. The most abundant cation in precipitation was Ca. The canon concentraions in throughfall and stemflow decreased in the following order of K, Na, Ca, and Mg. Cation concentrations in stemflow were highest in Lirioendron tulipifera and lowest in Pines rigida. Nutrient leaching from above ground increased with decreasing pH of precipitation. The pH of stemflow showed a positive correlation with ENC and BCI. The highest values in ENC, BCI, soil pH, and soil cation concentrations were observed in Liriodendron tulipifera, while the lowest values were obtained in Pinus rigida, It was concluded that Liriodendron tulipifera had highest neutralizing capacity against acid rain, while Pinus rigida had the lowest capacity and even promoted acidification of soil.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.319-330
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• 2011

In this study, a soil moisture estimation model was proposed using the ground observation data of soil moisture, precipitation, surface temperature, MODIS NDVI and artificial neural networks. The model was calibrated and verified on the Yongdam dam watershed which has reliable ground soil moisture networks. The test statistics of calibration sites, Jucheon, Bugui, Sangjeon, showed that the correlation coefficients between observations and estimations are about 0.9353 and RMSE is about 1.4957%. Also that of the verification site, Cheoncheon2, showed that the correlation coefficient is about 0.8215 and RMSE is about 4.2077%. The soil moisture estimation model was applied to estimate the spatial distribution of soil moisture in the Yongdam dam watershed and results showed improved spatial soil moisture distribution since the model used satellite information of NDVI and artificial neural networks which can represent the nonlinear relationships between data well. The model should be useful to estimate wide range soil moisture information.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to suggest a suitable amount of fertilizer using the changes in growth performances and soil properties for improving survival and quality of Zelkova serrata trees in a harvested Pinus rigida plantation. One-year-old containerized seedlings of Z. serrata were planted with the density of 3000 seedlings $ha^{-1}$ in end of March 2011 at Gwangneung experimental forest, Pocheon. Solid compound fertilizer (N:P:K=3:4:1) were applied yearly in three amounts (control: no fertilization, F1: $180kg\;ha^{-1}$, and F2: $360kg\;ha^{-1}$) every May from 2011 to 2013. We analyzed soil properties before (2011) and after (2012 and 2017) fertilization. And we measured the root collar diameter and height of Z. serrata trees from 2011 to 2016, and then calculated H/D ratio and stem volume. Soil properties at Z. serrata plantation did not show difference according to fertilization level in every investigation year. As time passed after planting, however, concentrations of total nitrogen and available phosphorus were increased from decreased. The growth of root collar diameter, height and stem volume of Z. serrata trees at F2 plot were significantly higher those at the other plots after only 2 years of fertilization. Because Z. serrata tree demand to more nutrient during the early growing period. The survival rate of Z. serrata trees at control plot was significantly lower than that at the other plots. This might be due to Z. serrata trees at control plot had not the upper hand from competition with vegetation at the early in planting. However, the growth of height and stem volume of Z. serrata trees between F1 and F2 plots did not show difference over 6 years after planting. Consequently, we could suggest that Z. serrata trees need to F1 fertilization level for considering improving survival and quality of Z. serrata trees and economical efficiency of plantation managements after harvesting P. rigida plantation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 1987

This study was conducted to examine the effects of trampling on the changes in soil and vegetation around the trails. The study areas were established both on the trails and in the forested areas located in Ui and Jeongnung valleys at Pukhansan National Park. Soil core sampling, measurements of vegetations and counts of persons visited per hour were done during the period from April 6 to October 9, 1986. The physical properties of soils became better with increasing distances from the trail, and the best conditions were observed in the forested areas. The differences were not significant among the zones within the trailside. More number of individuals and basal area (or coverage) in woody plants were observed in the forested areas than at trailsides. For the herb layer, however, more number of individuals and coverage were shown at the trailside. In the Ui valley, the quantitative measures of herbaceous plants decreased as the bulk density and penetration resistance increased. In the Jeongnung valley, however, only bulk density was negatively related to the quantitative measures. The fact that there were poor relations between soil factors and quantitative measures of herbaceous plants in Jeongnung valley might be influenced by other factors rather than soil compaction. Thus, more research would be needed to understand the critical factors affecting the vegetational changes in recreation areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Aruncus dioicus on annual soil erosion reduction effect. Based on the measured soil erosion data, the cover factor of RUSLE was calculated. Comparing calculated the cover factor and Chewings fescue cover factor for soil erosion reduction, It found that cover crop Aruncus dioicus of reducing soil erosion was effective. The amount of soil erosion according to the type of Aruncus dioicus covering was 2.22 Mg/ha, Chewings fescue was 1.85 Mg/ha, 10.60 Mg/ha was produced in the Bare ground. Cover factor of Aruncus dioicus was $0.09{\pm}0.03$ according to the type of covering, Chewings fescue was $0.08{\pm}0.03$, Bare ground was $0.35{\pm}0.10$. Weeds control Bare ground was $0.83{\pm}0.14$. The results of the variance analysis of the cover factor for each covering were different according to the cover type. As a result of the classification of the same group through post - analysis, it was found that the Aruncus dioicus and Chewings fescue were similar to each other. Therefore, the Aruncus dioicus was effective to reduce the soil erosion to the extent that it was comparable to the Chewings fescue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.438-445
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• 1999

The concentrations of some ions ($NO{_3}^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $NH{_4}^+$) in soil solution collected by zero tension lysimeter in mature Pinus rigida plantations in Goksung, Jeonranam-do were measured at two soil depths (10cm and 30cm) following various levels of cutting intensity treatment (uncut, $6m{\times}50m$, $10m{\times}50m$, $20m{\times}50m$ strip crearcutting) three times (July 6. July 30, and August 4) between June 20 and August 4 1998. The ion concentrations in the soil solution were significantly different among sampling times, while the concentrations were not different among cutting levels or sampling depths. The ion concentrations in the soil solution decreased in the order of $NO{_3}^-$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $NH{_4}^+$ and the mean concentration was 3.60mg/L for $NO{_3}^-$, 1.7mg/L for $Ca^{2+}$, 0.5mg/L for $Mg^{2+}$, and 0.04mg/L for $NH{_4}^+$ respectively. These ion concentrations except for $NH{_4}^+$ ion were negatively correlated with the volume of collected soil solutions (r=-0.31~-0.41). The results suggest that the change of nutrient concentrations in the soil solution collected from the P. rigida plantations was related to the temporal input patterns of precipitation rather than the cutting intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.40-55
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• 2023

Arbor Day is a day that encourages people to plant trees and symbolizes the timing of planting. Arbor Day has been honored on April 5th in Korea, but it often does not agree to actual planting time due to global warming. This study confirmed the discrepancy between Arbor Day and regional soil-thawing times and reviewed alternative dates for tree planting using satellite-based soil-thaw data (FT-ESDR) from 1991 to 2020. Study results showed that the start time of planting on the Korean Peninsula, which was indicated by soil-thaw dates, was March 24 during 1991-2000, and it progressively changed to March 17 during 2011-2020. Should Arbor Day be changed based on soil-thaw periods, mid-March would be the most comprehensive, suitable alternative period considering the number of governmental administration units (cities and counties) and the land area of soil-thaw. Tree-Planting Day (March 14) and International Day of Forests (March 21) were found suitable for alternative dates to Arbor Day because they were close to the average soil-thaw time of Korean Peninsula (March 19) and land area whose soil-thaw time was within 10 days from those two dates ranged from 52.5% to 58.8% centered geographically on the mid-section of the peninsula. Since the periods of soil-thaw will continue to change due to climate change, it is necessary to reflect the trend of advancing planting periods in the future if Arbor Day is changed to an earlier date.