• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 1995

1970년대 중반 세계 주요 연안국(沿岸國)들이 배타적(排他的) 어업수역(漁業水域) 또는 경제수역(經濟水域)의 선포를 통하여 해양관할권(海洋管轄權)을 확대할 때까지 한국은 원양어업(遠洋漁業)의 발전과 어획량 증대에 박차를 가하였다. 그 당시 정부의 주요 정책은 재정 지원을 통하여 원양어선(遠洋漁船)의 선복량을 확충하는 것이었지만, 새로운 해양법질서(海洋法秩序)가 도입된 후로는 원양어업(遠洋漁業)에 대한지원 정책을 재검토하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 그 당시 한국의 원양어업(遠洋漁業)에 가해진 압박을 타개하기 위하여 연안국(沿岸國)의 규제를 최소화하는 노력과 함께 경제성 있는 대체어장(代替漁場)의 개발에 주력한 결과 성공을 거두었는데, 그것은 바로 수산자원(水産資源) 보유국(保有國)과의 쌍무협정(雙務協定) 체결을 통한 어업의 계속과 더불어 공해어업(公海漁業)으로의 전환이었다. 최근에 한국의 원양어업(遠洋漁業)이 당면하고 있는 현안은 공해어업(公海漁業)에 대한 국제사회(國際社會)의 규제 강화와 더불어 국내 수산물 시장의 개방이라는 내우외환(內憂外患)이 겹친 위기상황(危機狀況)이다. 이러한 난국을 타개함으로써 원양어업(遠洋漁業)의 지속적인 발전을 추구하기 위하여 한국정부(韓國政府)는 새로운 전략을 마련하였는데, 그 구체적인 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자원을 보유하고 있는 연안국(沿岸國)과의 협력을 강화함과 동시에, 국제수산기구(國際水産機構)에서의 적극적인 활동을 전개하는 것이다. 현재 한국은 14개 연안국(沿岸國)과 쌍무적 어업협정(漁業協定)을 체결하여 기술이전 및 재정 지원을 통한 공동번영(共同繁榮)을 추구하고 있으며, 10개 국제수산기구(國際水産機構)에 가입하여 수산자원(水産資源)의 보존과 해양환경(海洋環境)의 보호에 노력하고 있다. 둘째, 원양어선(遠洋漁船)의 감축과 연근해어업(沿近海漁業) 구조 조정을 통한 합리적인 수산업 체제를 구축해 나갈 것이다. 즉, 원양어업(遠洋漁業)의 양적 팽창보다는 장기적인 안목에서 질적인 수준을 제고함으로써 안정적인 산업으로 내실을 기할 수 있도록 경영의 합리화와 같은 업계 자체의 체질 개선 노력을 지원할 것이다. 셋째, 현대의 해양법질서(海洋法秩序) 하에서 한국원양어업(韓國遠洋漁業)의 활로는 주로 자원보유국(資源保有國)과의 합작사업(合作事業)에서 찾을 수 밖에 없다. 이것이야 말로 연안국(沿岸國)과 원양어업국(遠洋漁業國)에게 공통적으로 이롭다는 사실이 입증된 것이기 때문이다. 따라서, 원양어업(遠洋漁業)을 해외합작사업(海外合作事業)으로 전환하는 데에 있어서 정부가 지원해야 할 부분은 다음 세 가지로 요약된다. 즉, 장래성 있는 사업 분야에 대한 적극적인 재정지원(財政支援), 생산된 수산물의 국내시장반입(國內市場搬入)에 대한 특별한 배려, 그리고 기업의 해외투자의욕(海外投資意慾)을 고취시키는 정책의 수행이다. 수산자원(水産資源)은 그 자체가재생산성(再生産性)을 갖고 있기 때문에 합리적으로 보존관리(保存管理)한다면 영속적인 이용이 가능한데, 이와 같은 이념은 1982년 유엔 해양법협약(海洋法協約)에서도 최선의 과학적 증거로써 "보존(保存)"과 "이용(利用)"의 조화를 유지하는 것으로 구현되어 있다. 따라서, 한국정부(韓國政府)도 그러한 차원의 국제협력(國際協力)에 기꺼이 동참함과 동시에, "투명성(透明性)"과 "책임(責任)"을 이행하는 어업 활동을 보장하기 위한 제도적 개혁을 진행 중이다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.169-175
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the relative economic benefits between the septic tank and exclusive sewage pipe line in designing the large building at combined sewer districts. With the case study of Lotte World Tower Building, we analyze a cost-benefit between two alternatives. The research results showed 2 years of payback period, about ￦6.17 billion of NPV, and 1.93 of B/C ratio for installing the exclusive sewage pipe line in comparison with septic tank. This results provide useful guidelines for policy establishment of the septic tank closure and for plausibility of installing exclusive sewage pipe line when constructing a large building. In the future, it will be necessary to consider additional cost-benefit analysis including burden charge borne by causers, the burden of management responsibility with a exclusive sewage pipe line, and the economic benefits of reducing odor.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.353-376
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• 2023

The global pandemic and the development of virtual and augmented reality technologies have led a metaverse boom that enables a lot of interactions in virtual worlds, and is being utilized in various fields such as business, government, and education etc. Despite the growing interest in the metaverse, its scope and definition are still unclear and the concept is still evolving, making it challenging to establish its governance. Governmental entities are also investing intensively in public metaverses to make public value and promote social welfare, but they are underutilized due to lack of systematic governance. Therefore, in this study, we propose a public metaverse governance framework and identify the relative importance of the factors. Furthermore, since a public metaverse should be accessible to anyone who wants to use, we explore the factors of shadow work and examine the ways to minimize it. Based on the socio-technical system theory, we derived public metaverse governance factors from previous literature and topic modeling and then generate a framework with 23 factors through expert interviews. We then tested relative priority of the factors using the analytic hierarchical process (AHP) from the experts. As a result, the top five overall rankings are: 'roles and responsibilities', 'standardization/modularization', 'collaboration and communication', 'law and policies', and 'availability/accessibility'. The academic implications of this study are that it provides a comprehensive framework for public metaverse governance, and then the practical implications include suggesting prioritized considerations for metaverse operations in the public sector.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for the introduction and evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) services not only in general applications but also in public policies. To achieve this, the study explores AI service management and governance toolkits, providing insights into how to introduce AI services in public policies. Firstly, it offers guidelines on the direction of AI service development and what aspects to avoid. Secondly, in the development phase, it recommends using the AI governance toolkit to review content through checklists at each stage of design, development, and deployment. Thirdly, when operating AI services, it emphasizes the importance of adhering to principles related to 1) planning and design, 2) the lifecycle, 3) model construction and validation, 4) deployment and monitoring, and 5) accountability. The governance perspective of AI services is crucial for mitigating risks associated with service provision, and research in risk management aspects should be conducted. While embracing the advantages of AI, proactive measures should be taken to address limitations and risks. Efforts should be made to efficiently formulate policies using AI technology to create high value and provide meaningful societal impacts.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-37
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• 2024

This study examines migrant workers' occupational health and safety issues through a case study of the UK construction industry, focusing on structural vulnerabilities. Migrant workers are at the bottom of the hierarchically fragmented labour market, performing outsourced hazardous work. Structural vulnerability focuses on the social structures that create hierarchies and increase risk in the workplace, rather than on individual responsibility or 'cultural' differences of migrant workers. The study considers the structural factors that perpetuate the migrantisation of risk in the UK construction industry, focusing on the structural necessity of low-wage migrant labour, precarious employment and the legal status of migrant workers, and discusses how these three factors interact to increase migrant workers' vulnerability to health and safety. The migrantisation of risk is not only a matter of occupational health and safety or universal workers' compensation, but also of the intertwining of labour migration policies with employment structures that rely on low-wage, low-skilled labour. This calls for proactive measures to address structural risks that go beyond passive declaratory policies that do not exclude migrant workers from education, training or legal systems.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.295-312
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• 2006

The use of the national pension funds to welfare has been criticized due to its low profitability, with concern about financial instability and the lack of funds. Despite the small amount of the funds employed to the welfare, therefore, it has been decreasing so far. It is resulted from the fact that the use of funds to the welfare sector failed to provide its valid reasons, and take the policy direction firmly. There are three main logical reasons for the welfare investment of national pension funds: Firstly, no state is capable to take the full responsibility for the entire social welfare, and therefore, the funds can be used for social welfare. Secondly, the funded system, contrasted with the case of pay-as-you-go system, has inevitably caused discriminations to the present elderly through excluding them institutionally from pension participation. At last, so as to its selective system, the minimum contribution period of 10 years brings about the equity problem between the people who can afford it and the people who hardly can. Therefore, investing a proportion of funds to the welfare is entirely reasonable in that it can alleviate the discriminations to the present elderly generation and the marginal participants, rather than to meet their social welfare needs. With regard to the policy decision, the profitability of the investment, and the choice of the welfare work, on the other hand, the policy direction should be given a sufficient consideration of a various policy factors such as the necessity of social consensus, independence of the welfare work in relations with other national welfare work, policy identity to judge whether the work is worth long-run or short-run, and the reliance of direct-operated work and indirect-operated work. As a result of all these efforts above mentioned, an investment to the welfare of the national pension funds could be vitalized, and gain public confidence.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.103-120
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• 2021

Recently, the importance of the fathers role in the care of young children has been emphasized in Korea for the balance of childcare responsibilities between mothers and fathers. This study investigates the trends in paternal childcare in Korea over the last 15 years. Childcare is divided into primary and developmental care and fathers's Childcare time and participation rates are inverstigated for dual- and single-income households. Data are collected from the four waves of the five-yearly Statistics of Korea Life Time Surveys between 2004(t₁) and 2019(t₄) including the workday time diaries of fathers with preschool children(n₁=2,264, n₂=1,242, n₃=959, n₄=952). Three major results are identified. First, paternal childcare time and participation rates have increased with dual-income fathers spending 24 more minutes a day with their young child(ren) in 2019 than in 2004, which is nearly double. Second, in the analysis of fathers' childcare time use and participation rates comparing primary and developmental care, primary care is found to have increased more than developmental care, especially among dual income fathers: this further exhibits a reversed relation between primary and developmental care over time. Third, the determinants of paternal childcare time are fathers' age, market labor time, commuting time, gender equality consciousness, and education. In particular, market labor time was significant in all four waves, while gender equality consciousness is only significant for single-income fathers. Based on these results, a specific agenda is provided for family-friendly policies to improve the balance of childcare roles between fathers and mothers, especially encouraging increased(significant and sufficient) participation of fathers in primary care activities.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

This research is to analyze the mediating effect of corporate reputation between the organizational slack and corporate performance in venture SMEs. That is, after controlling the firm size, firm age, social capital, environmental uncertainty, we test three hypothesis. First, we test the hypothesis that organizational slack has a positive effect on corporate reputation. Second, we test the hypothesis that corporate reputation has a positive effect on corporate performance. Third, we test the positive mediating role of corporate reputation between organizational slack and corporate performance. For this research, we administered the questionnaire surveys, and got the 250 effective data(companies) of korean venture SMEs. We use SPSS 18.0, and analysis the validity, reliability, correlation and multiple regression analysis of research model. As a result, we can find the three meaningful results. First, organizational slack, especially not absorbed slack but unabsorbed slack, has positive effect on the corporate reputation. Second, corporate reputation has positive effect on corporate performance. Third, corporate reputation has mediating effect between organizational slack, especially not absorbed slack but unabsorbed slack, and corporate performance. Although this research has some limitations of generalization because of the limited size of samples, we has meaning information related to the venture companies in the academic and business field.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 1973

Needless to say, the management of national forest in all countries is very important in view of the national mission and management purposes. Korean national forest is also in particular significant in promoting national economy for the continuous increasing of the demand for wood, conservation of the land and social welfare. But there's no denying the fact that the leading aim of the Korean forest policy has been based upon the conservation of forest resources and recovery of land conservation function instead of improvement of the forest productive capacity. Therefore, the management of national forest should be aimed as an industry in the chain of the Korean national economy. And the increment of the forest productive capacity based on rationalized forest management is also urgently needed. Not only the increment of the timber production but also the establishment of the good forest in quality and quantity are to bring naturally many functions of conservation and other public benefits. In 1908 Korean national forest was historically established for the first time as a result of the notification for ownership, and was divided into two kinds in 1911-1924, such as indisposable national forest for land conservation, forest management, scientific research and public welfare, and the other national forest to be disposed. Indisposable forest is mostly under the jurisdiction of national forest stations (Chungbu, Tongbu, Nambu), and the tother national forests are under custody of respective cities and provinces, and under custody of the other government authorities. As of the end of 1971, national forest land is 19.5% (1,297,708 ha) of the total forest land area, but growing stock is 50.1% ($35,406,079m^3$) of the total forest growing stock, and timber production of national forest is 23.6% ($205,959m^3$) of the year production of total timber in Korea. Accordingly, it is the important fact that national forest occupies the major part of Korean forestry. The author positively affirms that success or failure of the management of national forest controls rise or fall of forestry in Korea. All functions of forest are very important, but among others the function of timber production is most important especially in Korea, that unavoidably imports a large quantity of foreign wood every year (in 1971 import of foreign wood-$3,756,000m^3$, 160,995,000 dollars). So, Korea urgently needs the improvement of forest productive capacity in national forest. But it is difficult that wood production meets the rapid increase of demand for wood to the development of economy, because production term of forestry is long, so national forest management should be rationalized by the effective investment and development of forestry techniques in the long view. Although Korean national forest business has many difficulties in the budget, techniques and the lack of labour due to outflow of rural village labour by development of national economy, and the increase of labour wages and administrative expenses etc. the development of national forest depends on adoption of the suitable forest techniques and management adapted for social and economical development. In this view point the writer has investigated and analyzed the status of the management of national forest in Korea to examine the irrational problems and suggest an improvement plan. The national forestry statistics cited in this study is based on the basic statistics and the statistics of the forest business as of the end of 1971 published by Office of Forestry, Republic of Korea, and the other depended on the data presented by the national forest stations. The writer wants to propose as follows (seemed to be helpful in improvement of Korean national forest management). 1) In the organization of national forest management, more national forest stations should be established to manage intensively, and the staff of working plan officials should be strengthened because of the importance of working plan. 2) By increasing the staff of protection officials, forest area assigned for each protection official should be decreased to 1,000-2,000 ha. 3) The frequent personnel changes of supervisor of national forest station(the responsible person on-the-spot) obstructs to accomplish the consistent management plan. 4) In the working plan drafting for national forest, basic investigations should be carefully practiced with sufficient expenditure and staff not to draft unreal working plan. 5) The area of working-unit should be decreased to less than 2,000 ha on the average for intensive management and the principle of a working-unit in a forest station should be realized as soon as possible. 6) Reforestation on open land should be completed in a short time with a debt of the special fund(a long term loan), and the land on which growing hardwood stands should be changed with conifers to increase productivity per unit area, and at the same time techical utilization method of hardwood should be developed. 7) Expenses of reforestation should be saved by mechanization and use of chemicals for reforestation and tree nursery operation providing against the lack of labour in future. 8) In forest protection, forest fire damage is enormous in comparison with foreign countries, accordingly prevention system and equipment should be improved, and also the minimum necessary budget should be counted up for establishment and manintenance of fire-lines. 9) Manufacture production should be enlarged to systematize protection, processing and circulation of forest business, and, by doing this, mich benefit is naturally given for rural people. 10) Establishment and arrangement of forest road networks and erosion control work are indispensable for the future development of national forest itself and local development. Therefore, these works should be promoted by the responsibility of general accounting instead of special accounting. 11) Mechanization of forest works should be realized for exploiting hinterlands to meet the demand for timber increased and for solving lack of labour, consequently it should promote import of forest machines, home production, training for operaters and careful adminitration. 12) Situation of labour in future will grow worse. Therefore, the countermeasure to maintain forest labourers and pay attention to public welfare facilities and works should be considered. 13) Although the condition of income and expenditure grows worse because of economical change, the regular expenditure should be fixed. So part of the surplus fund, as of the end of 1971, should be established for the fund, and used for enlarging reforestation and forest road networks(preceding investment in national forest).

• Atmosphere
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.275-295
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• 2023

In Korea, there are four institutions related to atmospheric science: the university's atmospheric science-related department, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), the ROK Air Force Weather Group, and the Meteorological Industry Association. These four institutions have developed while maintaining a deep cooperative relationship with the Korea Meteorological Society (KMS) for the past 60 years. At the university, 6,986 bachelors, 1,595 masters, and 505 doctors, who are experts in meteorology and climate, have been accredited by 2022 at 7 universities related to atmospheric science. The KMA is carrying out national meteorological tasks to protect people's lives and property and foster the meteorological industry. The ROK Air Force Weather Group is in charge of military meteorological work, and is building an artificial intelligence and space weather support system through cooperation with universities, the KMA, and the KMS. Although the Meteorological Industry Association has a short history, its members, sales, and the number of employees are steadily increasing. The KMS greatly contributed to raising the national meteorological service to the level of advanced countries by supporting the development of universities, the KMA, the Air Force Meteorological Agency, and the Meteorological Industry Association.