• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.56
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• pp.219-236
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• 2011

Since the end of the $19^{th}$ century, Korean English-language newspapers have been published in Korea to inform readers about Korea and Korean people's point of view concerning world problems. Among them was the Korean Republic (KR), the former name of the Korea Herald, founded on August $15^{th}$, 1953 (Korean Liberation Day from Japanese colonial rule). This newspaper was started especially to report on international affairs, just after the Armistice agreement was signed on July $27^{th}$, 1953, at the initiative of the first president of the Republic of Korea, Syngman Rhee. He vehemently expressed his and the Korean people's opinion about Korean problems in world politics where big powers were dominating and deciding small countries' destinies. This paper is written to show that Korean English-language newspapers were used as tool of public diplomacy not only for the readers of target countries but also for Korean readers, well before the media diplomacy theory became popular several decades later. In the deplorable world situation where Korea was colonized and divided into halves by the wills of the super powers, the Korean media participated actively via dialogue in English to solve the Korean problem. This paper studies the editorials of the KR for one year, the year just after its foundation. Vis-a-vis the United States, the KR defended its political system of free democracy by insisting on the Korean people's hopes, the reunification of the peninsula and acquiring American assistance in economic and military areas. Regarding Japan, Korea had doubt about its expansionist policy by way of rearmament. First, the Korean government tried to defend its territorial waters, including Dokdo Island. As for multi-lateral relationships, Korea was concerned about the spread of communism to its territory in the world where socialism was dominating.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.39
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• pp.221-235
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• 2013

Through the comparative analysisand inductive research on main creation styles of Chinese, American and Japanese animation films, a conclusion can be given out, which means that the animation film style of each country can hardly be formed without their own traditional painting art, aesthetics habits and ways of thinking. It is these characteristics that form their unique animation film style. America emphasizes realism art, development and utilization of new technology, Japan pays sepcial attention totraditional painting art and comic stories. In business aspect, they bring about different business models relying on the experience of satisfying the diverse needs of domestic and global entertainment markets. When it comes to the content field, they carry forward universal values and meet the individualistic heroismso that a variety of business animation films and art animation films find their ways into the global market and acquire great popularity among audiences from all over the world. Through the comparasion of American and Japanese animation films, a new view to analyze the animation films of China is created. Animation creation is largely based on the need of socialist ideology from 50s to 80s. Even though the purposes of animation film creations returned to satisfying the diverse requirements of commercial markets and audiences, the consequences, such as the break gap of creations and talents, the lack of diverse creative styles and commercial market operation mechanism, sitll affect China's animation films today. Japan found thier position from the American model and became successful. Nowadays, China need find our own creative style and position from American model and Japanese model. And the systematic reformings that are detailed in the government managements, industry standards, internationalized talents cultivation and accumulation are the essential point.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.217-247
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• 2019

This research paper intends to examine the intertextuality of Klaus Mann's novel Mephisto (1936) and István Szabó's film Mephisto (1981) and how the derivative contents (i.e., film) accepted and improved the schematic aesthetics of conviction in original contents (i.e., novel). In general, the aesthetics of conviction is applied to criticize the state socialism of the artists of the Third Reich or the ideology of the artists of East Germany from a biased ethical perspective. Mephisto is also based on the aesthetics of conviction. Thus, it would be meaningful to examine the characteristic similarity and difference between Klaus Mann's real antagonist (i.e., Gustaf Gründgens) and fictional antagonist (i.e., Hendrik Höfgen) from a historical critical perspective. In this process, an aesthetic distance between the real and fictional antagonists would be secured through the internal criticism in terms of intertextuality. In this respect, the film aesthetics of István Szabó are deemed to overcome the schematic limit of the original novel. The conviction in both the novel and film of Mephisto pertains to the belief and stance of a person who compromised with the state socialism of Nazi Germany, i.e., succumbed to the irresistible history. Klaus Mann denounced Mephisto's character Höfgen (i.e., Gründgens in reality) as an "Mephisto with evil spirits" from the perspective of exile literature. For such denunciation, Klaus Mann used various means such as satire, caricature, sarcasm, parody and irony. However, his novel is devoid of introspection and "utopianism", and thus could be considered to allow personal rights to be disregarded by the freedom of art. On the contrary, István Szabó employed the two different types of evil (evil of Mephisto and evil of Faust) from a dualistic perspective (instead of a dichotomous perspective of good and evil) by expressing the character of Höfgen like both Mephisto and Hamlet (i.e., "Faust with both good and evil spirits). However, Szabó did not present the mixed character of "Mephisto and Hamlet (Faust)" only as an object of pity. Rather, Szabó called for social responsibility by showing a much more tragic end. As such, the novel Mephisto is more like the biography of an individual, and the film Mephisto is more like the biography of a generation. The aesthetics of conviction of Mephisto appears to overcome biased historical and textual perspectives through the irony of intertextuality between the novel and the film. Even if history is an irresistible "fate" to an individual, human dignity cannot be denied because it is the "value of life". The issue of conviction is not only limited to the times of Nazi Germany. It can also be raised with the ideology of the modern and contemporary history of Korea. History is so deeply rooted that it should not be criticized merely from a dichotomous perspective. When it comes to the relationship between history and individual life, a neutral point of view is required. Hopefully, this research paper will provide readers with a significant opportunity for finding out their "inner Mephisto" and "inner Hamlet."

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.38-61
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• 2019

Up until the early twentieth century in Germany, there were two research trends: 1) emphasizing objectives and making detailed observations of archaeological artifacts and sites, 2) tracing the remains of specific nations or ethnic groups and defining their temporal-spatial boundaries by conducting research on material culture in terms of nationalism or ethnocentrism. After the Second World War ended and Germany was divided, West German archaeology focused on observations of artifacts and sites, cataloging them, and doing research on chronology and distribution following their own traditional methodologies. East German archaeology attempted to prove the developing process of history and its Marxist principles based upon material culture and to examine the historic value of inherent specific cultural heritage based on criteria regarding how it corresponded to socialism and contributed to the development of socialism. Nevertheless, East and West German archaeology shared traditional archaeological methods inherited from German archaeology since the nineteenth century, and contact between archaeologists in West and East Germany continued to a degree. Furthermore, East German archaeology produced significant archaeological achievements acknowledged by West German and European archaeologists. These facts provided the momentum to complete rapid incorporation of the archaeologies of West and East Germany in spite of a one-sided process imposed by West German archaeology. In the case of Korea, it seems necessary to make an effort to share common research history and traditions and to encourage mutual academic exchange (e.g. joint excavation and archaeological research). Furthermore, it is also imperative to have open-minded attitudes toward accepting substantial results and interpretations achieved by North Korean archaeologists under scrutiny when and where necessary, despite seeming to have been fossilized by Marxism and Juche ideology. Any efforts to narrow the gap in archaeological research and conservation of cultural heritage between the archaeologies of South and North Korea should be made immediately. The case of Germany demonstrates how such a project could proceed efficaciously.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.657-670
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• 2011

China has gone through rapid economic growth due to transitional economies since 1978. In particular, Chinese transitional economies has led to fundamental changes in firms' activities under the socialist system. Nevertheless, Chinese firms have formed new industrial production organizations and spatial orders by sustaining personal networks based on existing traditional firm practice, which is called 'guanxi'. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to identify the influence of personal networks, guanxi, on the business activities of Chinese firms by investigating the formation of guanxi mechanism. The main characteristics of guanxi represented in inter-firm relations are as follows. First, guanxi has played a role in facilitating inter-firm relations and business activities, because it has an inter-debt relations based on inter-reciprocal relations between firms. Second, Chinese firms has depended on posteriori guanxi rather than inherent guanxi by the internalization of personal networks through 'guanxi communicators'.Third, guanxi between firms and local government in extra-firm relations has been established to minimize risks from unstable legal regulations.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2004

The general tendency of approach to Korean Design History has been focusing its primary interest on the grand story in relation to the problems of modernization in political, economical and social aspects of Korea. In the discourse of modernization, however, there are two sides immanent in the modernization: there is the formal, institutional and authoritative modernization developed inside the capitalistic mode of production and the informal, individual and cultural modernization manifested in the mode of everyday lives. Especially, despite the viewpoint of the latter being embossed as an alternative approach in various areas including the academic world of history since the collapse of socialism, the historical recognition of the phenomena of modern design by the Korean design historians is more like the 'history from the above' that exists at the level of the discourse outside the reality rather than the 'history from the below' that exists within the ordinary life. To grant a sense of balance in such frame of historical understanding, it requires the restructuring the design history of Korea through the cultural perspectives from having the representation of mundane lives realized by the voluntary design activity of the common people as research subjects. One of the methods to acquire an answer to such problem is decoding, in the manner of 'cultural history', the life-long domestic artifact made by Madame Yang, Gap Jo (currently 87 years of age) who is a model of typical Korean mother. Through the historical rumination on the traces of unpretentious lives of the people that has been buried under the grand narrative of the Korean Design History, a new era aimed for the historical prospect of Korean design as cultural history will be possible by excavating the petit yet multi-layered meaning of Korean designs.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.30
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• pp.311-344
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• 2010

Over 100 years in Mainland China, the 'traditional' thought and culture have been transformed from 'the past must be sublated' to 'the heritage must be preserved.' Today, China hopes to deal with the negative effects of industrial development such as the gap between rich and poor, and the absence of common values etc. through the reconstruction of traditional thought and culture, especially that of Confucianism. The Chinese government superficially accepts Confucianism for the purpose of the social stabilization and ongoing economic development while they keep the Socialism as the nation's ideological system. In the private sectors, there is endeavoring move to make the Chinese traditional thought and culture global paralleled to their economic growth. There are also scholars who find the cultural unification and the spiritual comfort from the restoration of the traditional thought and culture. They, so called 'the critical successionists' or 'the cultural conservativists,' believe that the traditional thought and culture could play a role in the Chinese modernization, and the new understanding and interpretation of their tradition could provide an alternative for their future. In my view, we need a careful survey on the view of the critical successionists or the cultural conservativists who regard tradition and culture as a power (力量). With this, we are required to investigate our own problems through the new understanding of our traditional thought and culture.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.457-479
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• 2013

Through a Chinese rise, Chinese dream is actualizing as the world's great power. According to outlook of World Bank and IMF, Around 2030 China will be a great power bigger than America's economic power. The rise of China will give a huge impact to the whole world. China expands her influence through a global manufacturing base and a global market. To actualize 'Peaceful Rise' Strategy, China has many constraints. Chinese society is facing many difficult social problem due to side effects of a rapid development. Such as the spread of corruption, the severity of wealth gap, environmental degradation and energy shortage. Internationally there are containment from hegemon so-called 'China threat' dispute, Taiwan issue and territorial disputes. Western countries are hostile to China for two reasons. Based on expectations, one is China's socialist system and the other is the rising China which will compete for supremacy with Europe and America. Recent emergence of Chinese nationalism and the containment of the neighboring countries are also serious limiting factors. Domestically they have the rampant corruption in the bureaucracy, weakened capacity of Communist rule, wealth disparity due to the discriminatory economic development strategy, seriousness of rural problem, social instability, lack of social security systems and the development gap between the eastern coastal areas and western inland areas, ethnic minorities problems, the constraint of sustainable development issues due to lack of resources, environmental pollution and energy constraints. Like the former Soviet Union, China may face a dismantlement. After the rise, China may encounter possibilities of a war between great powers or a collapse of Chinese society caused by deepening internal conflict. Serious economic polarization would make peasants and urban workers, who are social vulnerable people, to turn their back to communist party and threaten the justification and the appropriateness of the ruling communist party. Chinese government will think internal system security threat is more formidable risk factor than a system security threat from the hegemon. The decline of great country comes from internal reasons rather than external reasons. To achieve peaceful rise, unification with Taiwan is an essential prerequisite. Taiwan issues are complex problems which equipped with international and domestic factors. Lack of energy resources, environmental pollution in China will bring economic crisis to Korean enterprises. Important influence to Korean economy will be a changeover of the method in economic development. It will turn the balance of investment and consumption, GDP-centered growth to consumption and environment-centered growth. Services industries including finance, environment, culture, education, health care and social welfare will grow. Change in China's growth model will give a great challenge upon the intermediate goods industry in Korea. Korea should reduce the portion of machinery, automotive, semiconductor, steel and chemical-centered export industry to China, and should increase the proportion of the service industry.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.240-250
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• 2020

This study explores the process of transitional career choice for North Korean defectors who are successfully living their lives after transition to a different system labor market. To achieve this study purpose, what is the process of transitional career choice for North Korean defectors due to the system transition? At present, he (Ed- who is he?) has a subjective sense of success in his professional life and conducted in depth interviews with three men and eight women as objects that can explain the process of experience in rich and detailed ways. To this end, the author interviewed three men and eight women who are satisfied with their current job and analyzed them with the grounded theory method proposed by Strauss & Corbin (1998). As a result, the paradigm model was derived from the central phenomenon of 'conversion of perspective', and the core category was 'conversion of perspective and challenge new career'. The transitional career choice process was derived into four stages according to the flow of time and interaction as 'reality recognition stage', 'active change recognition stage', 'support and coping strategy stage', and 'growth stage' and positive reflections from transitional learning and potential factors of planned chance skills were found.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.121-141
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• 2012

This study compares and analyzes the numbers and characteristics of Korea-related subjects included in the 2008 Japanese edition of the National Diet Library Subject Headings (NDLSH) and the $2^{nd}$ edition of the Chinese Classified Thesaurus(CCT). The analysis results show that 258 subjects, approximately twice as many as 137 subjects in CCT, were found in NDLSH. There are more pure subjects that exclude the references in CCT than in NDLSH. On the other hand, much more subjects are found in NDLSH in the event that personal names, corporate headings, and subjects combined with detailed headings are included. Meanwhile, more subjects are relatively engaged in the fields of politics, diplomacy, and military in CCT because CCT is characterized by socialism and by being a pro-North Korea. Moreover, the considerable numbers of subjects reflecting North Korea's viewpoint are included in CCT. NDLSH changed only recently the names of both South and North Korea into the "Republic of Korea" and the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", respectively. On the other hand, CCT more frequently uses "Joseon" than "Korea", and the distinction between the names is unclear. CCT thoroughly supports the stance of the developed country, directly involved in the disputable subjects between two countries such as "Dokdo", "the East Sea", "Dumangang", and "Baekdusan". Both heading lists consider "Balhae" as part of Chinese history in CCT, which has ignored the position of Korea.